diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 6b05a742..a39b34c2 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ go 1.20
 
 require (
 	github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvlib v0.0.0-20231115170030-b21432a353e1
-	github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml v0.12.0-2
+	github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml v0.12.0-3
 	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.7.0
 	github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec v1.2.0
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml v1.9.5
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 41e9e5f9..c59868cf 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvlib v0.0.0-20231115170030-b21432a353e1 h1:A+2GAIeZkdID7Jc/aSJ1dq42eippP5uHvRMgO8eN3aM=
 github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvlib v0.0.0-20231115170030-b21432a353e1/go.mod h1:HPFNPAYqQeoos58MKUboWsdZMu71EzSQrbmd+QBRD40=
-github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml v0.12.0-2 h1:Sg239yy7jmopu/cuvYauoMj9fOpcGMngxVxxS1EBXeY=
-github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml v0.12.0-2/go.mod h1:7ruy85eOM73muOc/I37euONSwEyFqZsv5ED9AogD4G0=
+github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml v0.12.0-3 h1:QwfjYxEqIQVRhl8327g2Y3ZvKResPydpGSKtCIIK9jE=
+github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml v0.12.0-3/go.mod h1:SOufGc5Wql+cxrIZ8RyJwVKDYxfbs4WPkHXqadcbfvA=
 github.com/blang/semver/v4 v4.0.0 h1:1PFHFE6yCCTv8C1TeyNNarDzntLi7wMI5i/pzqYIsAM=
 github.com/blang/semver/v4 v4.0.0/go.mod h1:IbckMUScFkM3pff0VJDNKRiT6TG/YpiHIM2yvyW5YoQ=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.2 h1:p1EgwI/C7NhT0JmVkwCD2ZBK8j4aeHQX2pMHHBfMQ6w=
@@ -48,14 +48,9 @@ github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.8.1/go.mod h1:yWOB1SBYBC5VeMP7gHvWumXLIWorT60ONWic
 github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3 h1:dueUQJ1C2q9oE3F7wvmSGAaVtTmUizReu6fjN8uqzbQ=
 github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3/go.mod h1:naHLuLoDiP4jHNo9R0sCBMtWGeIprob74mVsIT4qYEQ=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
-github.com/stretchr/objx v0.4.0/go.mod h1:YvHI0jy2hoMjB+UWwv71VJQ9isScKT/TqJzVSSt89Yw=
-github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0/go.mod h1:Yh+to48EsGEfYuaHDzXPcE3xhTkx73EhmCGUpEOglKo=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.2.2/go.mod h1:a8OnRcib4nhh0OaRAV+Yts87kKdq0PP7pXfy6kDkUVs=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:yNjHg4UonilssWZ8iaSj1OCr/vHnekPRkoO+kdMU+MU=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4/go.mod h1:sz/lmYIOXD/1dqDmKjjqLyZ2RngseejIcXlSw2iwfAo=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0 h1:HtqpIVDClZ4nwg75+f6Lvsy/wHu+3BoSGCbBAcpTsTg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
 github.com/syndtr/gocapability v0.0.0-20200815063812-42c35b437635 h1:kdXcSzyDtseVEc4yCz2qF8ZrQvIDBJLl4S1c3GCXmoI=
diff --git a/vendor/github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml/pkg/nvml/lib.go b/vendor/github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml/pkg/nvml/lib.go
index 4d5eb8e0..be4b3fb7 100644
--- a/vendor/github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml/pkg/nvml/lib.go
+++ b/vendor/github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml/pkg/nvml/lib.go
@@ -38,9 +38,10 @@ var errLibraryAlreadyLoaded = errors.New("library already loaded")
 // This includes a reference to the underlying DynamicLibrary
 type library struct {
 	sync.Mutex
-	path  string
-	flags int
-	dl    dynamicLibrary
+	path     string
+	flags    int
+	refcount refcount
+	dl       dynamicLibrary
 }
 
 // libnvml is a global instance of the nvml library.
@@ -77,16 +78,17 @@ var newDynamicLibrary = func(path string, flags int) dynamicLibrary {
 
 // load initializes the library and updates the versioned symbols.
 // Multiple calls to an already loaded library will return without error.
-func (l *library) load() error {
+func (l *library) load() (rerr error) {
 	l.Lock()
 	defer l.Unlock()
-	if l.dl != nil {
+
+	defer func() { l.refcount.IncOnNoError(rerr) }()
+	if l.refcount > 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	dl := newDynamicLibrary(l.path, l.flags)
-	err := dl.Open()
-	if err != nil {
+	if err := dl.Open(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error opening %s: %w", l.path, err)
 	}
 
@@ -99,16 +101,16 @@ func (l *library) load() error {
 // close the underlying library and ensure that the global pointer to the
 // library is set to nil to ensure that subsequent calls to open will reinitialize it.
 // Multiple calls to an already closed nvml library will return without error.
-func (l *library) close() error {
+func (l *library) close() (rerr error) {
 	l.Lock()
 	defer l.Unlock()
 
-	if l.dl == nil {
+	defer func() { l.refcount.DecOnNoError(rerr) }()
+	if l.refcount != 1 {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	err := l.dl.Close()
-	if err != nil {
+	if err := l.dl.Close(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error closing %s: %w", l.path, err)
 	}
 
diff --git a/vendor/github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml/pkg/nvml/refcount.go b/vendor/github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml/pkg/nvml/refcount.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d1e212e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml/pkg/nvml/refcount.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/**
+# Copyright 2024 NVIDIA CORPORATION
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+**/
+
+package nvml
+
+type refcount int
+
+func (r *refcount) IncOnNoError(err error) {
+	if err == nil {
+		(*r)++
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *refcount) DecOnNoError(err error) {
+	if err == nil && (*r) > 0 {
+		(*r)--
+	}
+}
diff --git a/vendor/github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml/pkg/nvml/return.go b/vendor/github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml/pkg/nvml/return.go
index fdf11918..0a0cceee 100644
--- a/vendor/github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml/pkg/nvml/return.go
+++ b/vendor/github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml/pkg/nvml/return.go
@@ -14,7 +14,80 @@
 
 package nvml
 
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
 // nvml.ErrorString()
-func ErrorString(Result Return) string {
-	return nvmlErrorString(Result)
+func ErrorString(r Return) string {
+	if err := GetLibrary().Lookup("nvmlErrorString"); err != nil {
+		return fallbackErrorStringFunc(r)
+	}
+	return nvmlErrorString(r)
+}
+
+// fallbackErrorStringFunc provides a basic nvmlErrorString implementation.
+// This allows the nvml.ErrorString function to be used even if the NVML library
+// is not loaded.
+var fallbackErrorStringFunc = func(r Return) string {
+	switch r {
+	case SUCCESS:
+		return "SUCCESS"
+	case ERROR_UNINITIALIZED:
+		return "ERROR_UNINITIALIZED"
+	case ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT:
+		return "ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT"
+	case ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED:
+		return "ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED"
+	case ERROR_NO_PERMISSION:
+		return "ERROR_NO_PERMISSION"
+	case ERROR_ALREADY_INITIALIZED:
+		return "ERROR_ALREADY_INITIALIZED"
+	case ERROR_NOT_FOUND:
+		return "ERROR_NOT_FOUND"
+	case ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_SIZE:
+		return "ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_SIZE"
+	case ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_POWER:
+		return "ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_POWER"
+	case ERROR_DRIVER_NOT_LOADED:
+		return "ERROR_DRIVER_NOT_LOADED"
+	case ERROR_TIMEOUT:
+		return "ERROR_TIMEOUT"
+	case ERROR_IRQ_ISSUE:
+		return "ERROR_IRQ_ISSUE"
+	case ERROR_LIBRARY_NOT_FOUND:
+		return "ERROR_LIBRARY_NOT_FOUND"
+	case ERROR_FUNCTION_NOT_FOUND:
+		return "ERROR_FUNCTION_NOT_FOUND"
+	case ERROR_CORRUPTED_INFOROM:
+		return "ERROR_CORRUPTED_INFOROM"
+	case ERROR_GPU_IS_LOST:
+		return "ERROR_GPU_IS_LOST"
+	case ERROR_RESET_REQUIRED:
+		return "ERROR_RESET_REQUIRED"
+	case ERROR_OPERATING_SYSTEM:
+		return "ERROR_OPERATING_SYSTEM"
+	case ERROR_LIB_RM_VERSION_MISMATCH:
+		return "ERROR_LIB_RM_VERSION_MISMATCH"
+	case ERROR_IN_USE:
+		return "ERROR_IN_USE"
+	case ERROR_MEMORY:
+		return "ERROR_MEMORY"
+	case ERROR_NO_DATA:
+		return "ERROR_NO_DATA"
+	case ERROR_VGPU_ECC_NOT_SUPPORTED:
+		return "ERROR_VGPU_ECC_NOT_SUPPORTED"
+	case ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES:
+		return "ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES"
+	case ERROR_FREQ_NOT_SUPPORTED:
+		return "ERROR_FREQ_NOT_SUPPORTED"
+	case ERROR_ARGUMENT_VERSION_MISMATCH:
+		return "ERROR_ARGUMENT_VERSION_MISMATCH"
+	case ERROR_DEPRECATED:
+		return "ERROR_DEPRECATED"
+	case ERROR_UNKNOWN:
+		return "ERROR_UNKNOWN"
+	default:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("unknown return value: %d", r)
+	}
 }
diff --git a/vendor/modules.txt b/vendor/modules.txt
index 3ac1f31e..a3de832f 100644
--- a/vendor/modules.txt
+++ b/vendor/modules.txt
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvlib/pkg/nvpci
 github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvlib/pkg/nvpci/bytes
 github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvlib/pkg/nvpci/mmio
 github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvlib/pkg/pciids
-# github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml v0.12.0-2
-## explicit; go 1.15
+# github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml v0.12.0-3
+## explicit; go 1.20
 github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml/pkg/dl
 github.com/NVIDIA/go-nvml/pkg/nvml
 # github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.2