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https://github.com/deepseek-ai/deepseek-harness
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workflow: dynamic workflows — script-driven multi-agent orchestration
A new capability family at packages/workflow/ in the bash seam shape,
modeled on Claude Code's dynamic workflows: the model writes a JavaScript
orchestration script (export const meta = {...} + plain-JS body), a runtime
executes it, and the script — not the conversation — holds the loop, the
branching, and the intermediate results.
- dsh-workflow (ctx.workflows): abstract WorkflowService + run vocabulary
(WorkflowRun whose result NEVER rejects) + observe-only workflow/* events
carrying data snapshots (id + meta, never the live run), per-listener
contained like subagent/*.
- dsh-workflow-vm: in-process node:vm engine. Meta extraction via a
string/comment-aware scanner (template interpolation rejected; literal
evaluated alone in an empty timed context; statement blanked line-
preservingly so stacks keep script line numbers). Hooks: agent(prompt,
{label, phase, schema, model}) over ctx.subagents, parallel(), pipeline()
(no cross-stage barrier), phase(), log(), args. Fatal-vs-null discipline:
hook misuse (unknown/deferred options, bad arguments, unsupported
schemas, tripped caps, seam start failures, cancellation) throws fatal
WorkflowErrors the combinators RE-THROW — never dissolved into the
per-item null reserved for child failures. Realm boundary: inbound values
materialized by descriptor walks that never invoke accessors (defineProperty
copies, __proto__-safe); outbound values rebuilt in-realm via the
context's own JSON.parse. Determinism bans (Date.now/Math.random/argless
new Date) kept so future resume support cannot break scripts. Caps and
timeouts are validated Config. Every hook promise carries a no-op
rejection consumer (app-boot exits on unhandled rejections).
- dsh-tool-workflow: the model-facing workflow tool, synchronous like
dsh-tool-subagent (start → await → try/finally dispose; abort bridged;
non-completed → isError). Generic render card titled by a textual
meta.name sniff. The tool description carries the authoring contract.
Wired into examples/{coding-agent,acp-agent} with explicit-ask-only
guidance. Coverage at every tier: unit (meta scanner, materializer incl.
counting-getter and __proto__ regressions, combinator semantics,
concurrency ceiling, caps, cancellation, no-unhandled-rejection abandon),
integration over the real spawn stack, with-key e2e (real two-phase run +
the tool through the registry pipeline), and a recorded ACP snapshot
scenario (workflow-run, 1 child session). RFC:
docs/rfc/implemented/feature/2026-07-05-dynamic-workflows.md (deferred
work explicitly listed). AGENTS.md budget 1575 → 1590 for the new group's
layout line.
This commit is contained in:
Tianyi Cui
499
packages/workflow/workflow-vm/src/runtime.ts
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499
packages/workflow/workflow-vm/src/runtime.ts
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@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
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/**
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* Per-run execution state for the vm workflow engine: the script context and
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* its injected hooks (`agent`/`parallel`/`pipeline`/`phase`/`log`/`args`), the
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* concurrency semaphore and caps, cancellation, and the drive loop that turns
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* a script settlement into a {@link WorkflowResult}.
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*
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* Realm discipline (see also ./realm.ts): values ENTERING the host from the
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* script (hook options, schemas, the return value) are materialized via
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* descriptor walks; values ENTERING the realm from the host (`args`, agent()
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* results) are rebuilt INSIDE the realm through the context's own
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* `JSON.parse`, so the script never holds an object whose prototype chain
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* reaches host intrinsics. Realm functions (pipeline stages, parallel thunks)
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* are called, not materialized — their values stay realm-side.
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*
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* Failure discipline: fatal {@link WorkflowError}s (bad hook arguments,
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* unsupported options/schemas, tripped caps, seam start failures,
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* cancellation) ALWAYS propagate through `parallel`/`pipeline`; the per-item
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* `null` is reserved for child-run failures and ordinary in-stage script
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* errors. Every hook-returned promise gets a no-op rejection consumer
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* attached, so a script that drops a promise (fires an `agent()` without
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* awaiting it) cannot surface an unhandled rejection when cancellation
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* rejects it — the app boot layer exits the process on unhandled rejections.
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*
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* @module @deepseek-ai/dsh-workflow-vm/runtime
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*/
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import * as vm from 'node:vm'
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import type { Context } from 'cordis'
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import type { ContentBlock } from '@deepseek-ai/dsh-llm'
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import type { Agent } from '@deepseek-ai/dsh-agent'
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import type {} from '@deepseek-ai/dsh-subagent'
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import { assertSupportedOutputSchema, OutputSchemaError } from '@deepseek-ai/dsh-tools'
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import type { StructuredOutputSchema } from '@deepseek-ai/dsh-tools'
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import { WorkflowError, isFatalWorkflowError } from '@deepseek-ai/dsh-workflow'
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import type {
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WorkflowAgentEndInfo,
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WorkflowAgentInfo,
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WorkflowMeta,
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WorkflowResult,
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} from '@deepseek-ai/dsh-workflow'
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import { materializeFromRealm, MaterializeError } from './realm.ts'
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/** The per-run knobs the engine resolves from its Config. */
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export interface ExecutionLimits {
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/** The `ctx.subagents` provider name to start children on. */
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provider: string
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/** Concurrent `agent()` ceiling (already auto-resolved; ≥ 1). */
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maxConcurrentAgents: number
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/** Total `agent()` calls per run (the runaway-loop backstop). */
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maxTotalAgents: number
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/** Items accepted by one `parallel()`/`pipeline()` call. */
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maxItemsPerCall: number
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/** vm timeout for the script's initial synchronous slice. */
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syncTimeoutMs: number
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}
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/** The engine-side observers the execution reports progress through. */
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export interface ExecutionObserver {
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phase(title: string): void
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log(message: string): void
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agentStart(info: WorkflowAgentInfo): void
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agentEnd(info: WorkflowAgentEndInfo): void
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}
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/** The `agent()` options the script may pass; everything else rejects loud. */
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const SUPPORTED_AGENT_OPTIONS = new Set(['label', 'phase', 'schema', 'model'])
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/** Deferred Claude Code options we name explicitly in the rejection message. */
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const DEFERRED_AGENT_OPTIONS = new Set(['effort', 'isolation', 'agentType'])
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/** The in-context prelude that bans the nondeterminism sources (kept even though resume is deferred, so scripts stay resume-compatible). */
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const DETERMINISM_PRELUDE = `
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{
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const banned = (name) => () => {
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throw new Error(name + ' is not available in workflow scripts (runs must stay deterministic for future resume support; pass timestamps in via args)')
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}
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Math.random = banned('Math.random()')
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Date.now = banned('Date.now()')
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const RealDate = Date
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globalThis.Date = new Proxy(RealDate, {
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construct(target, args, newTarget) {
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if (args.length === 0) banned('argless new Date()')()
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return Reflect.construct(target, args, newTarget)
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},
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apply: banned('Date()'),
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})
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}
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`
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/** Flatten a child's final output blocks to text (the non-schema `agent()` result). */
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function outputText(blocks: ContentBlock[]): string {
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return blocks
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.filter((block): block is Extract<ContentBlock, { type: 'text' }> => block.type === 'text')
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.map(block => block.text)
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.join('')
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}
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/**
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* Render a script failure for the result: prefer the stack (it carries the
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* script's own line numbers via the compile lineOffset), then the message.
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* STRUCTURAL detection, not `instanceof Error` — a realm-thrown Error is not
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* an instance of the host Error class.
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*/
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function errorText(error: unknown): string {
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if (typeof error === 'object' && error !== null) {
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const maybe = error as { stack?: unknown; message?: unknown }
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if (typeof maybe.stack === 'string' && maybe.stack.length > 0) return maybe.stack
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if (typeof maybe.message === 'string') return maybe.message
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}
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return String(error)
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}
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/** A short display label derived from the prompt when the script passes none. */
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function defaultLabel(prompt: string): string {
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const newline = prompt.indexOf('\n')
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const line = newline === -1 ? prompt : prompt.slice(0, newline)
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return line.length <= 48 ? line : `${line.slice(0, 47)}…`
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}
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/**
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* One live script execution. Constructed per run by the engine; `drive()` is
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* called exactly once and NEVER rejects — every failure becomes a
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* {@link WorkflowResult} with a non-`completed` stop reason.
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*/
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export class WorkflowExecution {
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/** 1-based count of `agent()` calls started (the `agentsStarted` result field). */
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private started = 0
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private activeSlots = 0
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private readonly slotWaiters: { resolve(): void; reject(error: unknown): void }[] = []
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private cancelReason: string | undefined
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private cancelError: WorkflowError | undefined
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private readonly controller = new AbortController()
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private currentPhase: string | undefined
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private readonly context: vm.Context
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private readonly realmJsonParse: (text: string) => unknown
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private readonly compiled: vm.Script
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constructor(
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private readonly ctx: Context,
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meta: WorkflowMeta,
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body: string,
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private readonly parent: Agent,
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args: unknown,
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signal: AbortSignal | undefined,
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private readonly limits: ExecutionLimits,
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private readonly observer: ExecutionObserver,
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) {
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// Compile FIRST: a body syntax error must throw out of the constructor
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// (the engine maps it to SCRIPT_PARSE) before any realm state exists.
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// lineOffset compensates for the wrapper line, so stack traces carry the
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// script's own line numbers (the meta statement was blanked, not removed).
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try {
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this.compiled = new vm.Script(`(async () => {\n${body}\n})()`, {
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filename: `workflow:${meta.name}`,
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lineOffset: -1,
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})
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} catch (error: unknown) {
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throw new WorkflowError(`workflow script does not parse: ${String(error)}`, 'SCRIPT_PARSE', { cause: error })
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}
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this.context = vm.createContext({}, { name: `workflow:${meta.name}` })
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vm.runInContext(DETERMINISM_PRELUDE, this.context)
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// The realm's own JSON.parse — the host→realm rebuild channel.
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const realmJson = vm.runInContext('JSON', this.context) as { parse(text: string): unknown }
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this.realmJsonParse = (text: string) => realmJson.parse(text)
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const globals: Record<string, unknown> = {
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agent: (prompt: unknown, opts?: unknown) => this.contain(this.agent(prompt, opts)),
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parallel: (thunks: unknown) => this.contain(this.parallel(thunks)),
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pipeline: (items: unknown, ...stages: unknown[]) => this.contain(this.pipeline(items, stages)),
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phase: (title: unknown) => { this.phase(title) },
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log: (message: unknown) => { this.log(message) },
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args: this.toRealm(args),
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}
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for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(globals)) {
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// Data properties on the contextified global; frozen shape not required —
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// a script overwriting its own hooks only sabotages itself.
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;(this.context as Record<string, unknown>)[key] = typeof value === 'function' ? Object.freeze(value) : value
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}
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if (signal?.aborted) {
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this.cancel('workflow start signal already aborted')
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} else {
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signal?.addEventListener('abort', () => { this.cancel('workflow signal aborted') }, { once: true })
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}
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}
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/**
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* Whether the run has been cancelled. A METHOD, not an inline property
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* read: `cancel()` mutates `cancelReason` concurrently (a signal listener,
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* a raced dispose), and an inline read after an `await` gets narrowed by
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* control flow into an always-false comparison.
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*/
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private isCancelled(): boolean {
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return this.cancelReason !== undefined
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}
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/**
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* Cancel the run: children abort (the shared signal), waiting `agent()`
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* slots reject, and every future hook call throws `CANCELLED` — the script
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* dies at its next await. Idempotent; the first reason wins.
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*/
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cancel(reason?: string): void {
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if (this.cancelReason !== undefined) return
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this.cancelReason = reason ?? 'workflow cancelled'
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this.cancelError = new WorkflowError(`workflow run cancelled: ${this.cancelReason}`, 'CANCELLED')
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this.controller.abort(this.cancelReason)
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for (const waiter of this.slotWaiters.splice(0)) waiter.reject(this.cancelledError())
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}
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/**
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* Run the script to settlement. Resolves — never rejects — with the run's
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* {@link WorkflowResult}: the materialized return value on `completed`, the
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* failure message on `error`, and `cancelled` when the script died of
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* cancellation. After settlement, any stray children a script fired without
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* awaiting are aborted (their `agent()` wrappers dispose them).
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*/
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async drive(): Promise<WorkflowResult> {
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try {
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const scriptPromise = this.compiled.runInContext(this.context, { timeout: this.limits.syncTimeoutMs }) as Promise<unknown>
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const raw: unknown = await this.contain(Promise.resolve(scriptPromise))
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const value = raw === undefined ? null : this.materializeResult(raw)
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return { value, stopReason: 'completed', agentsStarted: this.started }
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} catch (error: unknown) {
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if (error instanceof WorkflowError && error.code === 'CANCELLED') {
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return { value: null, stopReason: 'cancelled', error: error.message, agentsStarted: this.started }
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}
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return { value: null, stopReason: 'error', error: errorText(error), agentsStarted: this.started }
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} finally {
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// Reap strays: a script that fired agent() calls without awaiting them
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// leaves live children behind after settlement — abort them all. (The
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// per-call wrappers dispose each child; the contain() consumer keeps
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// their rejections from going unhandled.)
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if (this.cancelReason === undefined) this.cancel('workflow settled')
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}
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}
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/**
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* Attach a no-op rejection consumer WITHOUT changing what the caller
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* receives: if the script drops the promise (no await), cancellation cannot
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* become an unhandled rejection (the app boot layer exits the process on
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* those); if the script does await it, it still observes the rejection.
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*/
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private contain<T>(promise: Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
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promise.catch(() => { /* consumed: see method contract — a dropped hook promise must not surface an unhandled rejection */ })
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return promise
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}
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private cancelledError(): WorkflowError {
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// cancel() arms cancelError before any caller can observe isCancelled()
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// === true; the fallback guards the type, not a reachable path.
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/* v8 ignore next */
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return this.cancelError ?? new WorkflowError('workflow run cancelled', 'CANCELLED')
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}
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/** Rebuild a host value inside the script realm (via the realm's own JSON.parse). */
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private toRealm(value: unknown): unknown {
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if (value === undefined) return undefined
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if (value === null) return null
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if (typeof value === 'string' || typeof value === 'number' || typeof value === 'boolean') return value
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return this.realmJsonParse(JSON.stringify(value))
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}
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/** Materialize the script's return value; violations become RESULT_UNSERIALIZABLE. */
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private materializeResult(raw: unknown): unknown {
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try {
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return materializeFromRealm(raw, 'workflow result')
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} catch (error: unknown) {
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/* v8 ignore next -- defensive rethrow arm: materializeFromRealm only throws MaterializeError */
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if (!(error instanceof MaterializeError)) throw error
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throw new WorkflowError(
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`the workflow's return value is not plain JSON data — ${error.message}. Return only JSON-serializable objects/arrays/scalars.`,
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'RESULT_UNSERIALIZABLE',
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{ cause: error },
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)
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}
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}
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/**
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* Acquire one concurrency slot (FIFO). Cancellation rejects QUEUED waiters
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* (see {@link cancel}); the callers guard their own entry and post-acquire
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* windows, so no cancelled-precheck is duplicated here.
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*/
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private acquireSlot(): Promise<void> {
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if (this.activeSlots < this.limits.maxConcurrentAgents) {
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this.activeSlots += 1
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return Promise.resolve()
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}
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return new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
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this.slotWaiters.push({
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resolve: () => {
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this.activeSlots += 1
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resolve()
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},
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reject,
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})
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})
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}
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private releaseSlot(): void {
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this.activeSlots -= 1
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const next = this.slotWaiters.shift()
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if (next) next.resolve()
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}
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/** The `agent(prompt, opts)` hook. */
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private async agent(rawPrompt: unknown, rawOpts: unknown): Promise<unknown> {
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if (this.isCancelled()) throw this.cancelledError()
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if (typeof rawPrompt !== 'string' || rawPrompt.length === 0) {
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throw new WorkflowError('agent() requires a non-empty prompt string', 'INVALID_ARGUMENT')
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}
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const opts = this.readAgentOptions(rawOpts)
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if (this.started >= this.limits.maxTotalAgents) {
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throw new WorkflowError(
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`this run reached its total agent cap (${this.limits.maxTotalAgents}) — a runaway-loop backstop; raise maxTotalAgents in the engine config if the scale is intentional`,
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'AGENT_CAP',
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)
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}
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this.started += 1
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const seq = this.started
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const label = opts.label ?? defaultLabel(rawPrompt)
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const phase = opts.phase ?? this.currentPhase
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await this.acquireSlot()
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try {
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// No cancelled re-check here: a cancel cannot interleave between a
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// waiter's resolution and this continuation (single-threaded, no await
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// between them), and a child started moments after a cancel still dies
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// via the shared abort signal — the CANCELLED mapping below covers it.
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let run
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try {
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run = this.ctx.subagents.start(this.limits.provider, {
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prompt: [{ type: 'text', text: rawPrompt }],
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parent: this.parent,
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signal: this.controller.signal,
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...opts.schema !== undefined ? { outputSchema: opts.schema } : {},
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...opts.model !== undefined ? { agentOptions: { model: opts.model } } : {},
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})
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} catch (error: unknown) {
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throw new WorkflowError(`agent() could not start a child on provider "${this.limits.provider}": ${String(error)}`, 'AGENT_START', { cause: error })
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}
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const info: WorkflowAgentInfo = { seq, label, ...phase !== undefined ? { phase } : {}, childId: run.id }
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this.observer.agentStart(info)
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try {
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const result = await run.result
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if (result.stopReason === 'completed') {
|
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if (opts.schema !== undefined) {
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// The provider honored outputSchema (capability-gated at start), so
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// a completed run without a structured value is a child failure.
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if (result.structured === undefined) {
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this.observer.agentEnd({ ...info, outcome: 'failed' })
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return null
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}
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this.observer.agentEnd({ ...info, outcome: 'completed' })
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return this.toRealm(result.structured)
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}
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this.observer.agentEnd({ ...info, outcome: 'completed' })
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return outputText(result.output)
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}
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// A cancelled RUN kills the script; a child that failed for its own
|
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// reasons resolves null (scripts .filter(Boolean) per the CC contract).
|
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if (this.isCancelled()) {
|
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this.observer.agentEnd({ ...info, outcome: 'cancelled' })
|
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throw this.cancelledError()
|
||||
}
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this.observer.agentEnd({ ...info, outcome: 'failed' })
|
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return null
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||||
} finally {
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await run.dispose()
|
||||
}
|
||||
} finally {
|
||||
this.releaseSlot()
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/** Materialize + validate the `agent()` options bag from the realm. */
|
||||
private readAgentOptions(rawOpts: unknown): { label?: string; phase?: string; model?: string; schema?: StructuredOutputSchema } {
|
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if (rawOpts === undefined) return {}
|
||||
let opts: unknown
|
||||
try {
|
||||
opts = materializeFromRealm(rawOpts, 'agent() options')
|
||||
} catch (error: unknown) {
|
||||
/* v8 ignore next -- defensive rethrow arm: materializeFromRealm only throws MaterializeError */
|
||||
if (!(error instanceof MaterializeError)) throw error
|
||||
throw new WorkflowError(`agent() options must be plain JSON data — ${error.message}`, 'INVALID_ARGUMENT', { cause: error })
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (typeof opts !== 'object' || opts === null || Array.isArray(opts)) {
|
||||
throw new WorkflowError('agent() options must be an object', 'INVALID_ARGUMENT')
|
||||
}
|
||||
const record = opts as Record<string, unknown>
|
||||
for (const key of Object.keys(record)) {
|
||||
if (SUPPORTED_AGENT_OPTIONS.has(key)) continue
|
||||
if (DEFERRED_AGENT_OPTIONS.has(key)) {
|
||||
throw new WorkflowError(`agent() option "${key}" is deferred and not supported by this engine (supported: label, phase, schema, model)`, 'UNSUPPORTED_OPTION')
|
||||
}
|
||||
throw new WorkflowError(`agent() option "${key}" is not recognized (supported: label, phase, schema, model)`, 'UNSUPPORTED_OPTION')
|
||||
}
|
||||
for (const key of ['label', 'phase', 'model'] as const) {
|
||||
if (record[key] !== undefined && typeof record[key] !== 'string') {
|
||||
throw new WorkflowError(`agent() option "${key}" must be a string`, 'INVALID_ARGUMENT')
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
let schema: StructuredOutputSchema | undefined
|
||||
if (record.schema !== undefined) {
|
||||
try {
|
||||
assertSupportedOutputSchema(record.schema)
|
||||
schema = record.schema
|
||||
} catch (error: unknown) {
|
||||
/* v8 ignore next -- defensive rethrow arm: assertSupportedOutputSchema only throws OutputSchemaError */
|
||||
if (!(error instanceof OutputSchemaError)) throw error
|
||||
throw new WorkflowError(`agent() schema is outside the supported subset — ${error.message}`, 'UNSUPPORTED_SCHEMA', { cause: error })
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return {
|
||||
...record.label !== undefined ? { label: record.label as string } : {},
|
||||
...record.phase !== undefined ? { phase: record.phase as string } : {},
|
||||
...record.model !== undefined ? { model: record.model as string } : {},
|
||||
...schema !== undefined ? { schema } : {},
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/** The `parallel(thunks)` hook: each thunk caught → `null`; fatal errors propagate. */
|
||||
private async parallel(rawThunks: unknown): Promise<unknown[]> {
|
||||
if (!Array.isArray(rawThunks)) {
|
||||
throw new WorkflowError('parallel() requires an array of zero-argument functions', 'INVALID_ARGUMENT')
|
||||
}
|
||||
this.assertItemCap(rawThunks.length, 'parallel()')
|
||||
const thunks = rawThunks.map((thunk, index) => {
|
||||
if (typeof thunk !== 'function') {
|
||||
throw new WorkflowError(`parallel() item ${index} is not a function`, 'INVALID_ARGUMENT')
|
||||
}
|
||||
return thunk as () => unknown
|
||||
})
|
||||
return Promise.all(thunks.map(async (thunk) => {
|
||||
try {
|
||||
return await thunk()
|
||||
} catch (error: unknown) {
|
||||
if (isFatalWorkflowError(error)) throw error
|
||||
return null
|
||||
}
|
||||
}))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/** The `pipeline(items, ...stages)` hook: per-item stage chains, NO cross-stage barrier. */
|
||||
private async pipeline(rawItems: unknown, rawStages: unknown[]): Promise<unknown[]> {
|
||||
if (!Array.isArray(rawItems)) {
|
||||
throw new WorkflowError('pipeline() requires an items array', 'INVALID_ARGUMENT')
|
||||
}
|
||||
this.assertItemCap(rawItems.length, 'pipeline()')
|
||||
if (rawStages.length === 0) {
|
||||
throw new WorkflowError('pipeline() requires at least one stage function', 'INVALID_ARGUMENT')
|
||||
}
|
||||
const stages = rawStages.map((stage, index) => {
|
||||
if (typeof stage !== 'function') {
|
||||
throw new WorkflowError(`pipeline() stage ${index} is not a function`, 'INVALID_ARGUMENT')
|
||||
}
|
||||
return stage as (previous: unknown, item: unknown, index: number) => unknown
|
||||
})
|
||||
return Promise.all(rawItems.map(async (item: unknown, index) => {
|
||||
let value: unknown = item
|
||||
try {
|
||||
for (const stage of stages) {
|
||||
value = await stage(value, item, index)
|
||||
}
|
||||
return value
|
||||
} catch (error: unknown) {
|
||||
// An ordinary stage throw drops the ITEM to null and skips its
|
||||
// remaining stages; a fatal error kills the whole script.
|
||||
if (isFatalWorkflowError(error)) throw error
|
||||
return null
|
||||
}
|
||||
}))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
private assertItemCap(length: number, hook: string): void {
|
||||
if (length > this.limits.maxItemsPerCall) {
|
||||
throw new WorkflowError(
|
||||
`${hook} received ${length} items — over the per-call cap (${this.limits.maxItemsPerCall}); split the work or raise maxItemsPerCall in the engine config`,
|
||||
'ITEM_CAP',
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/** The `phase(title)` hook: sets the current label for subsequent `agent()` calls and notifies observers. */
|
||||
private phase(title: unknown): void {
|
||||
if (typeof title !== 'string' || title.length === 0) {
|
||||
throw new WorkflowError('phase() requires a non-empty title string', 'INVALID_ARGUMENT')
|
||||
}
|
||||
this.currentPhase = title
|
||||
this.observer.phase(title)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/** The `log(message)` hook: narration to observers. */
|
||||
private log(message: unknown): void {
|
||||
if (typeof message !== 'string') {
|
||||
throw new WorkflowError('log() requires a message string', 'INVALID_ARGUMENT')
|
||||
}
|
||||
this.observer.log(message)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user