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Release DeepSeek-R1
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MIT License
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Copyright (c) 2023 DeepSeek
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Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
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of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
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in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
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to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
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copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
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furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
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The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
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copies or substantial portions of the Software.
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THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
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IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
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FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
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AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
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LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
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OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
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SOFTWARE.
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README.md
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README.md
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# DeepSeek-R1
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# DeepSeek-R1
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<!-- markdownlint-disable first-line-h1 -->
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<!-- markdownlint-disable html -->
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<!-- markdownlint-disable no-duplicate-header -->
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<div align="center">
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<img src="https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2/blob/main/figures/logo.svg?raw=true" width="60%" alt="DeepSeek-V3" />
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</div>
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<hr>
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<div align="center" style="line-height: 1;">
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<a href="https://www.deepseek.com/" target="_blank" style="margin: 2px;">
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<img alt="Homepage" src="https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2/blob/main/figures/badge.svg?raw=true" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"/>
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</a>
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<a href="https://chat.deepseek.com/" target="_blank" style="margin: 2px;">
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<img alt="Chat" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/🤖%20Chat-DeepSeek%20R1-536af5?color=536af5&logoColor=white" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"/>
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</a>
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<a href="https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai" target="_blank" style="margin: 2px;">
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<img alt="Hugging Face" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97%20Hugging%20Face-DeepSeek%20AI-ffc107?color=ffc107&logoColor=white" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"/>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div align="center" style="line-height: 1;">
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<a href="https://discord.gg/Tc7c45Zzu5" target="_blank" style="margin: 2px;">
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<img alt="Discord" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Discord-DeepSeek%20AI-7289da?logo=discord&logoColor=white&color=7289da" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"/>
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</a>
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<a href="https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2/blob/main/figures/qr.jpeg?raw=true" target="_blank" style="margin: 2px;">
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<img alt="Wechat" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/WeChat-DeepSeek%20AI-brightgreen?logo=wechat&logoColor=white" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"/>
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</a>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/deepseek_ai" target="_blank" style="margin: 2px;">
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<img alt="Twitter Follow" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Twitter-deepseek_ai-white?logo=x&logoColor=white" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"/>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div align="center" style="line-height: 1;">
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<a href="https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1/blob/main/LICENSE-CODE" style="margin: 2px;">
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<img alt="Code License" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Code_License-MIT-f5de53?&color=f5de53" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"/>
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</a>
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<a href="https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1/blob/main/LICENSE-MODEL" style="margin: 2px;">
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<img alt="Model License" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Model_License-Model_Agreement-f5de53?&color=f5de53" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"/>
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</a>
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</div>
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<p align="center">
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<a href="https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1/blob/main/DeepSeek_R1.pdf"><b>Paper Link</b>👁️</a>
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</p>
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## 1. Introduction
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We introduce our first-generation reasoning models, DeepSeek-R1-Zero and DeepSeek-R1.
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DeepSeek-R1-Zero, a model trained via large-scale reinforcement learning (RL) without supervised fine-tuning (SFT) as a preliminary step, demonstrated remarkable performance on reasoning.
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With RL, DeepSeek-R1-Zero naturally emerged with numerous powerful and interesting reasoning behaviors.
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However, DeepSeek-R1-Zero encounters challenges such as endless repetition, poor readability, and language mixing. To address these issues and further enhance reasoning performance,
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we introduce DeepSeek-R1, which incorporates cold-start data before RL.
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DeepSeek-R1 achieves performance comparable to OpenAI-o1 across math, code, and reasoning tasks.
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To support the research community, we have open-sourced DeepSeek-R1-Zero, DeepSeek-R1, and six dense models distilled from DeepSeek-R1 based on Llama and Qwen. DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B outperforms OpenAI-o1-mini across various benchmarks, achieving new state-of-the-art results for dense models.
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<p align="center">
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<img width="80%" src="figures/benchmark.jpg">
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</p>
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## 2. Model Summary
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---
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**Post-Training: Large-Scale Reinforcement Learning on the Base Model**
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- We directly apply reinforcement learning (RL) to the base model without relying on supervised fine-tuning (SFT) as a preliminary step. This approach allows the model to explore chain-of-thought (CoT) for solving complex problems, resulting in the development of DeepSeek-R1-Zero. DeepSeek-R1-Zero demonstrates capabilities such as self-verification, reflection, and generating long CoTs, marking a significant milestone for the research community. Notably, it is the first open research to validate that reasoning capabilities of LLMs can be incentivized purely through RL, without the need for SFT. This breakthrough paves the way for future advancements in this area.
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- We introduce our pipeline to develop DeepSeek-R1. The pipeline incorporates two RL stages aimed at discovering improved reasoning patterns and aligning with human preferences, as well as two SFT stages that serve as the seed for the model's reasoning and non-reasoning capabilities.
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We believe the pipeline will benefit the industry by creating better models.
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---
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**Distillation: Smaller Models Can Be Powerful Too**
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- We demonstrate that the reasoning patterns of larger models can be distilled into smaller models, resulting in better performance compared to the reasoning patterns discovered through RL on small models. The open source DeepSeek-R1, as well as its API, will benefit the research community to distill better smaller models in the future.
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- Using the reasoning data generated by DeepSeek-R1, we fine-tuned several dense models that are widely used in the research community. The evaluation results demonstrate that the distilled smaller dense models perform exceptionally well on benchmarks. We open-source distilled 1.5B, 7B, 8B, 14B, 32B, and 70B checkpoints based on Qwen2.5 and Llama3 series to the community.
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## 3. Model Downloads
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### DeepSeek-R1 Models
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<div align="center">
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| **Model** | **#Total Params** | **#Activated Params** | **Context Length** | **Download** |
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| :------------: | :------------: | :------------: | :------------: | :------------: |
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| DeepSeek-R1-Zero | 671B | 37B | 128K | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Zero) |
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| DeepSeek-R1 | 671B | 37B | 128K | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1) |
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</div>
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DeepSeek-R1-Zero & DeepSeek-R1 are trained based on DeepSeek-V3-Base.
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For more details regrading the model architecture, please refer to [DeepSeek-V3](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V3) repository.
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### DeepSeek-R1-Distill Models
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<div align="center">
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| **Model** | **Base Model** | **Download** |
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| :------------: | :------------: | :------------: |
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| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B | [Qwen2.5-Math-1.5B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-Math-1.5B) | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B) |
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| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B | [Qwen2.5-Math-7B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-Math-7B) | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B) |
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| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B | [Llama-3.1-8B](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B) | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B) |
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| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-14B | [Qwen2.5-14B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-14B) | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-14B) |
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|DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B | [Qwen2.5-32B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-32B) | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B) |
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| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-70B | [Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct) | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-70B) |
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</div>
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DeepSeek-R1-Distill models are fine-tuned based on open-source models, using samples generated by DeepSeek-R1.
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We slightly change their configs and tokenizers. Please use our setting to run these models.
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## 4. Evaluation Results
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### DeepSeek-R1-Evaluation
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For all our models, the maximum generation length is set to 32,768 tokens. For benchmarks requiring sampling, we use a temperature of $0.6$, a top-p value of $0.95$, and generate 64 responses per query to estimate pass@1.
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<div align="center">
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| Category | Benchmark (Metric) | Claude-3.5-Sonnet-1022 | GPT-4o 0513 | DeepSeek V3 | OpenAI o1-mini | OpenAI o1-1217 | DeepSeek R1 |
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|----------|-------------------|----------------------|------------|--------------|----------------|------------|--------------|
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| | Architecture | - | - | MoE | - | - | MoE |
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| | # Activated Params | - | - | 37B | - | - | 37B |
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| | # Total Params | - | - | 671B | - | - | 671B |
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| English | MMLU (Pass@1) | 88.3 | 87.2 | 88.5 | 85.2 | **91.8** | 90.8 |
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| | MMLU-Redux (EM) | 88.9 | 88.0 | 89.1 | 86.7 | - | **92.9** |
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| | MMLU-Pro (EM) | 78.0 | 72.6 | 75.9 | 80.3 | - | **84.0** |
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| | DROP (3-shot F1) | 88.3 | 83.7 | 91.6 | 83.9 | 90.2 | **92.2** |
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| | IF-Eval (Prompt Strict) | **86.5** | 84.3 | 86.1 | 84.8 | - | 83.3 |
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| | GPQA-Diamond (Pass@1) | 65.0 | 49.9 | 59.1 | 60.0 | **75.7** | 71.5 |
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| | SimpleQA (Correct) | 28.4 | 38.2 | 24.9 | 7.0 | **47.0** | 30.1 |
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| | FRAMES (Acc.) | 72.5 | 80.5 | 73.3 | 76.9 | - | **82.5** |
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| | AlpacaEval2.0 (LC-winrate) | 52.0 | 51.1 | 70.0 | 57.8 | - | **87.6** |
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| | ArenaHard (GPT-4-1106) | 85.2 | 80.4 | 85.5 | 92.0 | - | **92.3** |
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| Code | LiveCodeBench (Pass@1-COT) | 33.8 | 34.2 | - | 53.8 | 63.4 | **65.9** |
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| | Codeforces (Percentile) | 20.3 | 23.6 | 58.7 | 93.4 | **96.6** | 96.3 |
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| | Codeforces (Rating) | 717 | 759 | 1134 | 1820 | **2061** | 2029 |
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| | SWE Verified (Resolved) | **50.8** | 38.8 | 42.0 | 41.6 | 48.9 | 49.2 |
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| | Aider-Polyglot (Acc.) | 45.3 | 16.0 | 49.6 | 32.9 | **61.7** | 53.3 |
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| Math | AIME 2024 (Pass@1) | 16.0 | 9.3 | 39.2 | 63.6 | 79.2 | **79.8** |
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| | MATH-500 (Pass@1) | 78.3 | 74.6 | 90.2 | 90.0 | 96.4 | **97.3** |
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| | CNMO 2024 (Pass@1) | 13.1 | 10.8 | 43.2 | 67.6 | - | **78.8** |
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| Chinese | CLUEWSC (EM) | 85.4 | 87.9 | 90.9 | 89.9 | - | **92.8** |
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| | C-Eval (EM) | 76.7 | 76.0 | 86.5 | 68.9 | - | **91.8** |
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| | C-SimpleQA (Correct) | 55.4 | 58.7 | **68.0** | 40.3 | - | 63.7 |
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</div>
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### Distilled Model Evaluation
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<div align="center">
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| Model | AIME 2024 pass@1 | AIME 2024 cons@64 | MATH-500 pass@1 | GPQA Diamond pass@1 | LiveCodeBench pass@1 | CodeForces rating |
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|------------------------------------------|------------------|-------------------|-----------------|----------------------|----------------------|-------------------|
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| GPT-4o-0513 | 9.3 | 13.4 | 74.6 | 49.9 | 32.9 | 759 |
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| Claude-3.5-Sonnet-1022 | 16.0 | 26.7 | 78.3 | 65.0 | 38.9 | 717 |
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| o1-mini | 63.6 | 80.0 | 90.0 | 60.0 | 53.8 | **1820** |
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| QwQ-32B-Preview | 44.0 | 60.0 | 90.6 | 54.5 | 41.9 | 1316 |
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| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B | 28.9 | 52.7 | 83.9 | 33.8 | 16.9 | 954 |
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| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B | 55.5 | 83.3 | 92.8 | 49.1 | 37.6 | 1189 |
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| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-14B | 69.7 | 80.0 | 93.9 | 59.1 | 53.1 | 1481 |
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| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B | **72.6** | 83.3 | 94.3 | 62.1 | 57.2 | 1691 |
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| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B | 50.4 | 80.0 | 89.1 | 49.0 | 39.6 | 1205 |
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| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-70B | 70.0 | **86.7** | **94.5** | **65.2** | **57.5** | 1633 |
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</div>
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## 5. Chat Website & API Platform
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You can chat with DeepSeek-R1 on DeepSeek's official website: [chat.deepseek.com](https://chat.deepseek.com), and switch on the button "DeepThink"
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We also provide OpenAI-Compatible API at DeepSeek Platform: [platform.deepseek.com](https://platform.deepseek.com/)
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## 6. How to Run Locally
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### DeepSeek-R1 Models
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Please visit [DeepSeek-V3](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V3) repo for more information about running DeepSeek-R1 locally.
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### DeepSeek-R1-Distill Models
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DeepSeek-R1-Distill models can be utilized in the same manner as Qwen or Llama models.
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For instance, you can easily start a service using [vLLM](https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm):
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```shell
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vllm serve deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B --tensor-parallel-size 2 --max-model-len 32768 --enforce-eager
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```
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**NOTE: We recommend setting an appropriate temperature (between 0.5 and 0.7) when running these models, otherwise you may encounter issues with endless repetition or incoherent output.**
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## 7. License
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This code repository and the model weights are licensed under the [MIT License](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1/blob/main/LICENSE).
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DeepSeek-R1 series support commercial use, allow for any modifications and derivative works, including, but not limited to, distillation for training other LLMs. Please note that:
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- DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B, DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B, DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-14B and DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B are derived from [Qwen-2.5 series](https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen2.5), which are originally licensed under [Apache 2.0 License](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B/blob/main/LICENSE), and now finetuned with 800k samples curated with DeepSeek-R1.
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- DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B is derived from Llama3.1-8B-Base and is originally licensed under [llama3.1 license](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B/blob/main/LICENSE).
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- DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-70B is derived from Llama3.3-70B-Instruct and is originally licensed under [llama3.3 license](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct/blob/main/LICENSE).
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## 8. Citation
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```
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```
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## 9. Contact
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If you have any questions, please raise an issue or contact us at [service@deepseek.com](service@deepseek.com).
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