Question:
Let A and B be two sets of words (strings) from Σ*, for some alphabet of symbols Σ. Suppose that B is a subset of A. Which of the following statements must always be true of A and B ?
I. If A is finite, then B is finite.
II. If A is regular, then B is regular.
III. If A is context-free, then B is context-free.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- III only
- I and II only


Question:
For all strings x, the function x^M is defined recursively as follows.
e^M= e, and
if w is a string and a is a string with length 1, then
(aw)^M = aw^Ma.
Let a be a string with length 1, and let x and y be arbitrary strings. Which of the following is true?

Choices:
- a^M = a
- (ax)^M = (xa)^M
- (xy)^M = y^Mx^M
- None of the above


Question: Which of the following is NOT a reasonable justification for choosing to busy-wait on an asynchronous event?

Choices:
- The wait is expected to be short.
- A busy-wait loop is easier to code than an interrupt handler.
- There is no other work for the processor to do.
- The program executes on a time-sharing system.


Question: The language {ww | w in (0 + 1)*} is

Choices:
- not accepted by any Turing machine
- accepted by some Turing machine, but by no pushdown automaton
- accepted by some pushdown automaton, but not context-free
- context-free, but not regular


Question: Which of the following statements about Ethernets is typically FALSE?

Choices:
- Ethernets use circuit switching to send messages.
- Ethernets use buses with multiple masters.
- Ethernet protocols use a collision-detection method to ensure that messages are transmitted properly.
- Networks connected by Ethernets are limited in length to a few hundred meters.


Question:
Let P be a procedure that for some inputs calls itself (i.e., is recursive). If P is guaranteed to terminate, which of the following statements must be true?
I. P has a local variable.
II. P has an execution path where it does not call itself.
III. P either refers to a global variable or has at least one parameter.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- I and II only
- II and III only


Question: Which of the following comes closest to being a perfectly secure encryption scheme?

Choices:
- The Caesar Cipher, a substitution cipher
- DES (Data Encryption Standard), a symmetric-key algorithm
- Enigma, a transposition cipher
- One-time pad


Question: Of the following problems concerning a given undirected graph G, which is currently known to be solvable in polynomial time?

Choices:
- Finding a longest simple cycle in G
- Finding a shortest cycle in G
- Finding ALL spanning trees of G
- Finding a largest clique in G


Question: The IP protocol is primarily concerned with

Choices:
- Routing packets through the network
- Reliable delivery of packets between directly connected machines
- Reliable delivery of large (multi-packet) messages between machines that are not necessarily directly connected
- Dealing with differences among operating system architectures


Question: Of the following, which best approximates the ratio of the number of nonterminal nodes to the total number of nodes in a complete K-ary tree of depth N?

Choices:
- 1/K
- K-1/K
- log_10 (1/N)
- N-1/m


Question: Consider a computer system in which processes can request and release one or more resources. Once a process has been granted a resource, the process has exclusive use of that resource until it is released. If a process requests a resource that is already in use, the process enters a queue for that resource, waiting until the resource is available. Which of the following will NOT deal effectively with the problem of deadlock?

Choices:
- Giving priorities to processes and ordering the wait queues by priority
- Having a process request all its required resources when it first begins, and restarting if it cannot obtain them all
- Numbering the resources and requiring that processes request resources in order of increasing number
- Having processes time out and restart after a random interval of waiting


Question:
"Magic memory"' has two operations: Read and Clear. Both are indivisible and mutually exclusive. Clear sets the magic memory to zero. Read returns a value that represents the number of Read operations since the last Clear operation. Which of the following is (are) true of "Magic memory"?
I. It can provide the functionality of an atomic Test-and-Set.
II. It can be used to coordinate processes running on a shared-memory multiprocessor.
III. It is only useful on a multiprocessor.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- III only
- I and II


Question: Which of the following is the name of the data structure in a compiler that is responsible for managing information about variables and their attributes?

Choices:
- Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)
- Attribute Grammar
- Symbol Table
- Semantic Stack


Question: Which of the following algorithms has running time Θ(n^2) in the worst case but Θ(n log n) on average?

Choices:
- Bubblesort
- Mergesort
- Heapsort
- Quicksort


Question:
Languages with a structure that implements abstract data types (e.g., a C++ class) can prevent access to components of this structure by all operations except those that are part of this structure. However, definitions of such a structure often contain declarations of components of the structure (e.g., the header file for a C++ class may contain declarations of its private components). For such a language, an object's name could be bound at run time to stack storage for its component values (direct representation) or to a stack pointer referencing heap storage for its component values (indirect representation). Which of the following statements about comparisons between direct and indirect representations is (are) true?
I. Indirect representation noticeably increases compilation time.
II. Direct representation decreases the time needed to access components of a variable.
III. When the storage size of some private component of a variable changes, indirect representation minimizes the number of recompilations of source modules that must be performed.

Choices:
- I only
- III only
- I and II only
- II and III only


Question: Which of the following is NOT a property of bitmap graphics?

Choices:
- Fast hardware exists to move blocks of pixels efficiently.
- Realistic lighting and shading can be done.
- All line segments can be displayed as straight.
- Polygons can be filled with solid colors and textures.


Question: Which of the following is true of interrupts?

Choices:
- They are generated when memory cycles are "stolen".
- They are used in place of data channels.
- They can indicate completion of an I/O operation.
- They cannot be generated by arithmetic operations.


Question:
In a height-balanced binary search tree, the heights of the left and right descendents of any node differ by at most 1. Which of the following are true of such a tree?
I. Worst-case search time is logarithmic in the number of nodes.
II. Average-case search time is logarithmic in the number of nodes.
III. Best-case search time is proportional to the height of the tree.
IV. The height of the tree is logarithmic in the number of nodes.

Choices:
- I and III only
- II and III only
- II and IV only
- I, II, and IV


Question: Bob writes down a number between 1 and 1,000. Mary must identify that number by asking "yes/no" questions of Bob. Mary knows that Bob always tells the truth. If Mary uses an optimal strategy, then she will determine the answer at the end of exactly how many questions in the worst case?

Choices:
- 1,000
- 999
- 500
- 10


Question:
Which of the following is (are) true about virtual memory systems that use pages?
I. The virtual address space can be larger than the amount of physical memory.
II. Programs must be resident in main memory throughout their execution.
III. Pages correspond to semantic characteristics of the program.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- I and II
- I and III


Question: Which of the following is usually NOT represented in a subroutine's activation record frame for a stack-based programming language?

Choices:
- Values of local variables
- A heap area
- The return address
- Stack pointer for the calling activation record


Question: Which of the following statements about a remote procedure call is true?

Choices:
- It is used to call procedures with addresses that are farther than 2^16 bytes away.
- It cannot return a value.
- It cannot pass parameters by reference.
- It cannot call procedures implemented in a different language.


Question: Of the following sorting algorithms, which has a running time that is LEAST dependent on the initial ordering of the input?

Choices:
- Insertion sort
- Quicksort
- Merge sort
- Selection sort


Question: A particular parallel program computation requires 100 seconds when executed on a single processor. If 40 percent of this computation is "inherently sequential" (i.e., will not benefit from additional processors), then the theoretically best possible elapsed times for this program running with 2 and 4 processors, respectively, are

Choices:
- 20 and 10 seconds
- 30 and 15 seconds
- 50 and 25 seconds
- 70 and 55 seconds


Question: Consider the representation of six-bit numbers by two's complement, one's complement, or by sign and magnitude. In which representation is there overflow from the addition of the integers 011000 and 011000?

Choices:
- Two's complement only
- Sign and magnitude and one's complement only
- Two's complement and one's complement only
- All three representations


Question: Of the following, which best characterizes computers that use memory-mapped I/O?

Choices:
- The computer provides special instructions for manipulating I/O ports.
- I/O ports are placed at addresses on the bus and are accessed just like other memory locations.
- To perform an I/O operation, it is sufficient to place the data in an address register and call the channel to perform the operation.
- Ports are referenced only by memory-mapped instructions of the computer and are located at hardwired memory locations.


Question: Many cryptographic protocols base their security on assumptions about the computational difficulty of integer factorization. Integer factorization serves this purpose because we believe that

Choices:
- integer multiplication is a function whose inverse, factorization, remains difficult for a large class of inputs
- P = NP
- even if P = NP, integer factorization is still likely not to be polynomial-time computable
- testing primality is computationally intractable


Question: Which of the following sets of bit strings CANNOT be described with a regular expression?

Choices:
- All bit strings whose number of zeros is a multiple of five
- All bit strings starting with a zero and ending with a one
- All bit strings with an even number of zeros
- All bit strings with more ones than zeros


Question:
Which of the following conditions can be expressed by a Boolean formula in the Boolean variables p_1, p_2, p_3, p_4 and the connectives ∧,∨ (without ¬)?
I. At least three of p_1, p_2, p_3, p_4 are true.
II. Exactly three of p_1, p_2, p_3, p_4 are true.
III. An even number of p_1, p_2, p_3, p_4 are true.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- III only
- I and III


Question: Two alternatives for interconnecting a set of processors with bidirectional links are (1) the fully interconnected network, in which each processor is directly connected to every other processor, and (2) the ring network, in which each processor is connected to two other processors. The worst-case path length for a network is the maximum, over all pairs of nodes in the network, of the minimum length paths (measured in number of links) between the nodes. For each type of interconnection of n processors, a figure of merit can be formed as the product of the number of links required for the network times the worst-case path length connecting any two processors. The ratio of this figure of merit for the fully interconnected network compared to that of the ring network, for even n > 2, is

Choices:
- 1/(n^2)
- 1/(n(n-1))
- 1/n
- (n-1)/n


Question:
For a connected, undirected graph G = (V, E), which of the following must be true?
I. Σ_{v∈V} degree(v) is even.
II. |E| ≥ |V| − 1
III. G has at least one vertex with degree 1.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- III only
- I and II


Question:
In multiprogrammed systems it is advantageous if some programs such as editors and compilers can be shared by several users. Which of the following must be true of multiprogrammed systems in order that a single copy of a program can be shared by several users?
I. The program is a macro.
II. The program is recursive.
III. The program is reentrant.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- III only
- II and III only


Question: Which of the following decimal numbers has an exact representation in binary notation?

Choices:
- 0.1
- 0.2
- 0.3
- 0.5


Question:
Function signatures describe the types of the arguments to a function as well as the return value of the function. For instance, the addition function on reals has a signature of
add : real x real -> real
since it takes two real numbers and returns a real number. But, for a language that allows functions as return values, addition could be considered to have the signature
add : real -> (real -> real)
which means that add takes a single real (the first operand) and returns a new function that itself takes a single real (the second operand) and returns a real (the result). This process of reducing a function with multiple arguments to a function with fewer arguments is called currying. Which of the following is correct?

Choices:
- Currying can be applied to any function to the point where it has exactly one input argument.
- Currying cannot be applied to functions of more than two arguments.
- Currying cannot be applied to functions that return functions as arguments.
- Currying cannot be applied w functions that haw arguments that are functions.


Question:
Array A contains 256 elements of 4 bytes each. Its first element is stored at physical address 4,096.
Array B contains 512 elements of 4 bytes each. Its first element is stored at physical address 8,192.
Assume that only arrays A and B can be cached in an initially empty, physically addressed, physically tagged, direct-mapped, 2K-byte cache with an 8-byte block size. The following loop is then executed.
for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
        A[i] = A[i] + B[2*i];
During the execution of the loop, how many bytes will be written to memory if the cache has a write-back policy?

Choices:
- 0
- 256
- 1024
- 2000


Question:
In which of the following representations of numbers by 8-bit words is the addition of the integers 109 and -42 within range?
I. One's complement
II. Two's complement
III. Sign and magnitude

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- I and II only
- I, II, and III


Question: If a malicious process is granted temporary administrator-level access to a system

Choices:
- the threat is over as soon as the process is killed
- the threat is over after the operating system is rebooted
- the thread is over after rebooting the machine and replacing files that show a virus infection
- the threat is often permanent until the entire disk is wiped clean


Question:
Which of the following statements about horizontal versus vertical microarchitecture is (are) true?
I. Programs for horizontal architectures require more time steps than those for vertical architectures.
II. Horizontal microinstructions are unencoded.
III. Horizontal microinstructions usually have a single opcode and multiple operand specifiers.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- III only
- II and III only


Question: A "strictly binary tree" is a binary tree in which every node that is not a leaf has two children. Suppose that for a class of strictly binary trees there exists c > 0 such that, for any tree in the class, the ratio of the lengths of any two root-to-leaf paths is bounded above by c. Which of the following best characterizes the height h of any tree in this class, where N is the number of nodes in the tree and N > 1 ?

Choices:
- h <= log2(N)
- h = 1/c * log2(N)
- h < c log2(N)
- h > c log2(N)


Question: Which of the following sorting algorithms has average-case and worst-case running times of O(n log n)?

Choices:
- Bubble sort
- Insertion sort
- Merge sort
- Quicksort


Question: Consider the following equations concerning a stack module that has the operations Push, Pop, Top, and IsEmpty. Which of the equations does NOT represent the conventional semantics of a stack?

Choices:
- IsEmpty(Push(Stack,Elem)) = true
- Pop(Push(Stack,Elem)) = Stack
- Top(Push(Stack,Elem)) = Elem
- IsEmpty(Push(Push(Stack,Elem1),Elem2)) = false


Question:
Assume that any assignment statement can be executed in unit time. If as many identical processors as needed are used, what is the minimum number of time units needed to execute the assignments
A := B + C
B := A - B
C := A * E
D := A/F
E := B - C
F := A + B
with the same result as if the assignments were executed in the order shown?

Choices:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4


Question:
Two expressions E and F are said to be unifiable if there are substitutions for the variables of E and F that make the expressions lexically identical. In the following three expressions, only w, x, y, and z are variables.
I. f(w,w)
II. f(x,1)
III. f(y,g(z))
Which pairs of these expressions is (are) pairs of unifiable expressions?

Choices:
- (I, II) only
- (I, III) only
- (II, III) only
- (I, II) and (I, III) only


Question: Which of the following instruction-set features is NOT generally considered an obstacle to aggressive pipelining of an integer unit?

Choices:
- Condition codes set by every instruction
- Variable-length encoding of instructions
- Instructions requiring widely varying numbers of cycles to execute
- Several different classes (sets) of registers


Question: Let k >= 2. Let L be the set of strings in {0, 1}^* such that x \in L if and only if the number of 0's in x is divisible by k and the number of 1's in x is odd. The minimum number of states in a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) that recognizes L is

Choices:
- k + 2
- 2k
- k log k
- k^2


Question:
Let G = (V, E) be a finite directed acyclic graph with |E| > 0. Which of the following must be true?
I. G has a vertex with no incoming edge.
II. G has a vertex with no outgoing edge.
III. G has an isolated vertex, that is, one with neither an incoming edge nor an outgoing edge.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- III only
- I and II only


Question:
Let T be a depth-first search tree of a connected undirected graph G. For each vertex v of T, let pre(v) be the number of nodes visited up to and including v during a preorder traversal of T, and post(v) be the number of nodes visited up to and including v during a postorder traversal of T. The lowest common ancestor of vertices u and v in T is a vertex w of T such that w is an ancestor of both u and v, and no child of w is an ancestor of both u and v. Let (u, v) be an edge in G that is not in T, such that pre(u) < pre(v). Which of the following statements about u and v must be true?
I. post(u) < post(v)
II. u is an ancestor of v in T.
III. If w is the lowest common ancestor of u and v in T, then w = u.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- III only
- II and III


Question: In systems with support for automatic memory management, a garbage collector typically has the responsibility for reclaiming allocated memory objects whose contents cannot affect any future legal computation. Such objects are identified by determining that they cannot be reached from a root set. Which of the following is NOT part of the root set in a typical garbage collector?

Choices:
- Actual parameters of the active procedures
- Dynamically allocated objects on the heap
- Global variables of the program
- Local variables on the call stack


Question: In the Internet Protocol (IP) suite of protocols, which of the following best describes the purpose of the Address Resolution Protocol?

Choices:
- To translate Web addresses to host names
- To determine the IP address of a given host name
- To determine the hardware address of a given host name
- To determine the hardware address of a given IP address


Question: Which of the following language features requires that stack-based storage allocation be used rather than static allocation?

Choices:
- Recursive procedures
- Arbitrary goto's
- Two-dimensional arrays
- Integer-valued functions


Question: Which of the following is not a sentence that is generated by the grammar A -> BC, B -> x|Bx, C -> B|D, D -> y|Ey, E -> z?

Choices:
- xyz
- xy
- xxzy
- xxxxy


Question: Let T (n) be defined by T(1) = 7 and T(n + 1) = 3n + T(n) for all integers n ≥ 1. Which of the following represents the order of growth of T(n) as a function of n?

Choices:
- Θ(n)
- Θ(n log n)
- Θ(n^2)
- Θ(n^2 log n)


Question:
Which of the following problems is (are) decidable?
I. Given a (finite) string w, is w a prefix of the decimal expansion of π?
II. Given a program and an input, is the program’s output the decimal expansion of π?
III. Given a program that takes as input a prefix of the decimal expansion of π, is the program’s output always the same for every prefix?

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- III only
- I and II only


Question:
Which of the following statements about circuits is (are) true?
I. Combinational circuits may have feedback; sequential circuits do not.
II. Combinational circuits have a "memoryless" property; sequential circuits do not.
III. Both sequential and combinational circuits must be controlled by an external clock.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- I and II only
- II and III only


Question: Two single-user workstations are attached to the same local area network. On one of these workstations, file pages are accessed over the network from a file server; the average access time per page is 0.1 second. On the other of these workstations, file pages are accessed from a local disk; the average access time per page is 0.05 second. A particular compilation requires 30 seconds of computation and 200 file page accesses. What is the ratio of the total time required by this compilation if run on the diskless (file server) workstation to the total time required if run on the workstation with the local disk, if it is assumed that computation is not overlapped with file access?

Choices:
- 1/1
- 5/4
- 5/3
- 10/5


Question: Assume that a debugger places a breakpoint at a load instruction at virtual address 0x77E81234 (hexadecimal notation) in a debugged process P. If the text segment of P begins at 0x77E80000 in P’s virtual address space and if the debugger has mapped this same text segment at 0x01000000 in its virtual address space, which of the following is the virtual address used by the debugger in its WRITE operation, along with a description of how the debugger has mapped the virtual memory page containing this address?

Choices:
- 0x01001234; page mapped with READ/WRITE access
- 0x01001234; page mapped with COPY-ON-WRITE access
- 0x76E81234; page mapped with READ/WRITE access
- 0x76E81234; page mapped with COPY-ON-WRITE access


Question:
Which of the following considerations applies (apply) to choosing the page size in a paging system?
I. An advantage of larger pages is that they lead to smaller page tables.
II. An advantage of smaller pages is that they lead to less waste due to internal fragmentation.
III. Normally, the dominant factor in disk access time is not dependent on page length, so longer pages can be used advantageously.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- I and III only
- I, II, and III


Question:
Two processors, M-5 and M-7, implement the same instruction set. Processor M-5 uses a 5-stage pipeline and a clock cycle of 10 nanoseconds. Processor M-7 uses a 7-stage pipeline and a clock cycle of 7.5 nanoseconds. Which of the following is (are) true?
I. M-7’s pipeline has better maximum throughput than M-5’s pipeline.
II. The latency of a single instruction is shorter on M-7’s pipeline than on M-5’s pipeline.
III. Programs executing on M-7 will always run faster than programs executing on M-5.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- I and III
- II and III


Question: Which of the following pairs of 8-bit, two's-complement numbers will result in overflow when the members of the pairs are added?

Choices:
- 11111111, 00000001
- 00000001, 10000000
- 11111111, 10000001
- 10000001, 10101010


Question: Two computers communicate with each other by sending data packets across a local area network. The size of these packets is 1,000 bytes. The network has the capacity to carry 1,000 packets per second. The CPU time required to execute the network protocol to send one packet is 10 milliseconds. The maximum rate at which one computer can send data to another is approximately

Choices:
- 10,000 bytes/second
- 25,000 bytes/ second
- 100,000 bytes/ second
- 500,000 bytes/ second


Question:
Consider the following grammar.
S → ( S )
S → x
Which of the following statements is (are) true?
I. The grammar is ambiguous.
II. The grammar is suitable for top-down parsing.
III. The grammar is suitable for bottom-up parsing.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- III only
- II and III only


Question: Hash tables can contribute to an efficient average-case solution for all of the problems described below EXCEPT:

Choices:
- Counting distinct values: Given a set of n keys, determine the number of distinct key values.
- Dynamic dictionary: Support the operations of insert, delete, and search in a dictionary.
- Range search: Given values a and b, find all the records whose key value is in the range a, b.
- Symbol table lookup: Given a program identifier, find its type and address.


Question: Let A be a finite set with m elements, and let B be a finite set with n elements. The number of distinct functions mapping A into B is

Choices:
- n^m
- n!/(n - m)!
- n!
- n!/(m!(n - m)!)


Question: To compute the matrix product M_1M_2, where M_1 has p rows and q columns and where M_2 has q rows and r columns, takes time proportional to pqr, and the result is a matrix of p rows and r columns. Consider the product of three matrices N_1N_2N_3 that have, respectively, w rows and x columns, x rows and y columns, and y rows and z columns. Under what condition will it take less time to compute the product as (N_1N_2)N_3 (i.e., multiply the first two matrices first) than to compute it as N_1(N_2 N_3)?

Choices:
- There is no such condition; i.e., they will always take the same time.
- 1/x + 1/z < 1/w + 1/y
- x > y
- 1/w + 1/x < 1/y + 1/z


Question: The hit ratio of a cache memory is the percentage of accesses (reads and writes) for which data are found in the cache. Write-through is a policy whereby every write operation updates main memory. Write-back is a policy whereby a write operation to a line found in the cache does not affect main memory until the line is evicted from the cache. Write-allocation is a policy whereby a cache line is allocated and loaded on a write-miss. If it is assumed that write-allocation is always used, which of the following is true?

Choices:
- Write-back usually results in a better hit ratio than write-through.
- Write-through usually results in a better hit ratio than write-back.
- The percentage of write operations resulting in a main memory operation will never be larger for write-back than for write-through.
- The percentage of write operations resulting in a main memory operation will never be larger for writethrough than for write-back.


Question: A particular disk unit uses a bit string to record the occupancy or vacancy of its tracks, with O denoting vacant and 1 denoting occupied. A 32-bit segment of this string has the hexadecimal value D4FE2003. The percentage of occupied tracks for the corresponding part of the disk, to the nearest percent, is

Choices:
- 12%
- 25%
- 38%
- 44%


Question:
An Euler circuit of an undirected graph is a circuit in which each edge of the graph appears exactly once. Which of the following undirected graphs must have an Euler circuit?
I. A complete graph with 12 vertices
II. A complete graph with 13 vertices
III. A tree with 13 vertices

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- III only
- I and II


Question: Which of the following characteristics of a programming language is best specified using a context-free grammar?

Choices:
- Identifier length
- Maximum level of nesting
- Operator precedence
- Type compatibility


Question:
Which of the following statements about datagrams sent by a node in a network using IPv4 protocol is (are) true?
I. Datagrams at the source must be the size of the smallest maximum transmission unit (MTU) of all the links on a path to the destination.
II. Datagrams may be fragmented during routing.
III. Datagrams are reassembled only at the destination.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- III only
- II and III


Question: A starvation-free job-scheduling policy guarantees that no job waits indefinitely for service. Which of the following job-scheduling policies is starvation-free?

Choices:
- Round-robin
- Priority queuing
- Shortest job first
- Youngest job first


Question: Of the following, which gives the best upper bound for the value of f(N) where f is a solution to the recurrence f(2N + 1) = f(2N) = f(N) + log N for N >= 1, with f(1) = 0?

Choices:
- O(log N)
- O(N log N)
- O(log N) + 0(1)
- O((log N)^2)


Question: Company X shipped 5 computer chips, 1 of which was defective, and Company Y shipped 4 computer chips, 2 of which were defective. One computer chip is to be chosen uniformly at random from the 9 chips shipped by the companies. If the chosen chip is found to be defective, what is the probability that the chip came from Company Y?

Choices:
- 2 / 9
- 4 / 9
- 1 / 2
- 2 / 3


Question:
Which of the following problems can be solved by a standard greedy algorithm?
I. Finding a minimum spanning tree in an undirected graph with positive-integer edge weights
II. Finding a maximum clique in an undirected graph
III. Finding a maximum flow from a source node to a sink node in a directed graph with positive-integer edge capacities

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- III only
- I and II only


Question:
A program that checks spelling works in the following way. A hash table has been defined in which each entry is a Boolean variable initialized to false. A hash function has been applied to each word in the dictionary, and the appropriate entry in the hash table has been set to true. To check the spelling in a document, the hash function is applied to every word in the document, and the appropriate entry in the hash table is examined. Which of the following is (are) correct?
I. true means the word was in the dictionary.
II. false means the word was not in the dictionary.
III. Hash table size should increase with document size.

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- I and II only
- II and III only


Question: One approach to handling fuzzy logic data might be to design a computer using ternary (base-3) logic so that data could be stored as “true,” “false,” and “unknown.” If each ternary logic element is called a flit, how many flits are required to represent at least 256 different values?

Choices:
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7


Question: Local caching of files is common in distributed file systems, but it has the disadvantage that

Choices:
- Temporary inconsistencies among views of a file by different machines can result
- The file system is likely to be corrupted when a computer crashes
- A much higher amount of network traffic results
- Caching makes file migration impossible


Question:
Array A contains 256 elements of 4 bytes each. Its first element is stored at physical address 4,096.
Array B contains 512 elements of 4 bytes each. Its first element is stored at physical address 8,192.
Assume that only arrays A and B can be cached in an initially empty, physically addressed, physically tagged, direct-mapped, 2K-byte cache with an 8-byte block size. The following loop is then executed.
for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
        A[i] = A[i] + B[2*i];
During the execution of the loop, how many bytes will be written to memory if the cache has a write-through policy?

Choices:
- 0
- 256
- 1024
- 2048


Question: At time 0, five jobs are available for execution on a single processor, with service times of 25, 15, 5, 3, and 2 time units. Which of the following is the minimum value of the average completion time of these jobs?

Choices:
- 50
- 208/5
- 92/5
- 10


Question: Let G = (V, E) be a connected, undirected graph, and let a and b be two distinct vertices in V. Let P_1 be the problem of finding a shortest simple path between a and b, and let P_2 be the problem of finding a longest simple path between a and b. Which of the following statements about P_1 and P_2 is true?

Choices:
- Both P_1 and P_2 can be solved in polynomial time.
- P_1 can be solved in polynomial time but P_2 is not known to be solvable in polynomial time.
- P_1 is not known to be solvable in polynomial time but P_2 can be solved in polynomial time.
- It is not known whether either P_1 or P_2 can be solved in polynomial time.


Question: A major advantage of direct mapping of a cache is its simplicity. The main disadvantage of this organization is that

Choices:
- it does not allow simultaneous access to the intended data and its tag
- it is more expensive than other types of cache organizations
- the cache hit ratio is degraded if two or more blocks used alternately map onto the same block frame in the cache
- its access time is greater than that of other cache organizations


Question:
Let M be a single-tape, deterministic Turing machine with tape alphabet {blank,0,1}, and let C denote the (possibly infinite) computation of M starting with a blank tape. The input to each problem below is M, together with a positive integer n. Which of the following problems is (are) decidable?
I. The computation C lasts for at least n steps.
II. The computation C lasts for at least n steps, and M prints a 1 at some point after the nth step.
III. M scans at least n distinct tape squares during the computation C.

Choices:
- III only
- I and II only
- I and III only


Question: A 3-way, set-associative cache is

Choices:
- one in which each main memory word can be stored at any of 3 cache locations
- effective only if 3 or fewer processes are running alternately on the processor
- possible only with write-back
- faster to access than a direct-mapped cache


Question: Consider an object-oriented language in which all entities are objects. Two relationships arise: (1) the instance relationship, between an object and the class of which that object is a member, and (2) the subclass relationship, between a class and the superclass from which that class inherits properties. In such a language, when a message is sent to an object requesting execution of one of its methods (procedures), the method is located by following

Choices:
- one instance link and then zero or more subclass links
- one or more instance links and then one or more subclass links
- one or more instance links
- one subclass link and then one or more instance links


Question:
In a pipelined RISC computer where all arithmetic instructions have the same CPI (cycles per instruction), which of the following actions would improve the execution time of a typical program?
I. Increasing the clock cycle rate
II. Disallowing any forwarding in the pipeline
III. Doubling the sizes of the instruction cache and the data cache without changing the clock cycle time

Choices:
- I only
- II only
- III only
- I and III


Question: A microcomputer used for data acquisition and control is required to digitize and process four analog input signals and to output their average continually; i.e., in real time. The time for an external analog-to-digital converter (which is triggered by a CPU instruction) to digitize one input is 12 microseconds, and only one digitization occurs at a time. Five CPU instructions, including the triggering instruction, must be executed for each signal digitized. Ten CPU instructions are executed in order to average each set of four samples and output this value. The time to convert the output from digital to analog form is to be ignored. If it is assumed that suitable data buffering is employed, then the maximum average instruction execution time that allows the microcomputer to keep up with the input-output data rates, is

Choices:
- 0.8 microseconds
- 1.2 microseconds
- 1.6 microseconds
- 2.4 microseconds


Question: Suppose that a certain software product has a mean time between failures of 10,000 hours and has a mean time to repair of 20 hours. If the product is used by 100 customers, what is its availability?

Choices:
- 80%
- 90%
- 98%
- 99.80%


Question: Which of the following styles of fuzzer is more likely to explore paths covering every line of code in the following program?

Choices:
- Generational
- Blackbox
- Whitebox
- Mutation-based


Question:
Assume that a TLS connection has been established successfully between a client and a server. Establishing the session included checking the server certificate and executing a DiffieHelmann exchange, but the client did not provide a client certificate. Further, assume that the client and server are honest, that the client and server don’t leak their keys, and that the cryptography is good. Which of the following attacks does TLS protect against?
1. An attacker replaying bytes that a client sent earlier.
2. An attacker impersonating the server.

Choices:
- True, True
- False, False
- True, False
- False, True


Question: MIT’s Kerberos KDC server has a maximum ticket lifetime of 24 hours (for most user principals). What ensures that an expired Kerberos ticket can no longer be used?

Choices:
- The Kerberos server (KDC) refuses to establish new connections between clients and servers for expired tickets.
- When a client connects to a server, the server sets a 24-hour timer to terminate the connection, which ensures a client cannot remain connected past the ticket’s maximum lifetime.
- When a client connects to a server, the server compares the ticket’s expiration time to the server’s current clock, and refuses to authenticate the user if the ticket expiration time is in the past.
- When a client connects to a server, the server sends a query to the KDC to check if the ticket is still valid with respect to the KDC’s clock, and refuses to authenticate the user if the KDC reports that the ticket is expired.


Question: In Message Condentiality, the transmitted message must make sense to only intended

Choices:
- Receiver
- Sender
- Modulor
- Translator


Question: Which of the following is a remote Trojan?

Choices:
- Troya
- DaCryptic
- BankerA
- Game-Troj


Question: ______________ is a widespread app’s coding mistake made by developers which could be exploited by an attacker for gaining access or malfunctioning your system.

Choices:
- Memory leakage
- Buffer-overrun
- Less processing power
- Inefficient programming


Question: Consider the paper Native Client: A Sandbox for Portable, Untrusted x86 Native Code by Yee et al. Ben Bitdiddle notes that NaCl uses Intel x86 segmentation to ensure that the sandboxed module does not read or write memory outside its own data area, and does not execute instructions outside its own code. Ben thinks that with these restrictions alone, executing the sandboxed module must be safe; that is, he thinks validation is not needed. Ben is wrong. Circle the types of x86 machine instructions that the validator always forbids in sandboxed code. Please ignore trampoline and springboard code.

Choices:
- all instructions that modify segment state
- all loads or stores to addresses that are not 0 mod 32
- all indirect loads or stores (via an address in a register or variable)
- all indirect jumps (via an address in a register or variable)


Question: ____________ is also a part of darknet that is employed for transferring files anonymously.

Choices:
- Freenet
- ARPANET
- Stuxnet
- Internet


Question: Why apps developed in languages like C, C++ is prone to Buffer-overflow?

Choices:
- No string boundary checks in predefined functions
- No storage check in the external memory
- No processing power check
- No database check


Question: Man in the middle attack can endanger the security of Diffie Hellman method if two parties are not

Choices:
- Joined
- Authenticated
- Submitted
- Shared


Question: An integer overflow occurs when

Choices:
- an integer expression's result "wraps around"; instead of creating a very large number, a very small (or negative) number ends up getting created
- an integer is used as if it was a pointer
- an integer is used to access a buffer outside of the buffer's bounds
- there is no more space to hold integers in the program


Question: Let HH be a Merkle-Damgard hash function is H:X^{\leq L} \to TH:X^≤L  →T. Construct a MAC from this HH as follows: \ \ S(k,m) = H(k \| m)  S(k,m)=H(k∥m). This mac is insecure because:

Choices:
- Given H(k \| m)H(k∥m) anyone can compute H(w \| k \| m \| \text{PB})H(w∥k∥m∥PB) for any ww
- Given H(k \| m)H(k∥m) anyone can compute H(k \| m \| w)H(k∥m∥w) for any ww
- Given H(k \| m)H(k∥m) anyone can compute H(k \| m \| \text{PB} \| w)H(k∥m∥PB∥w) for any ww
- Anyone can compute H( k \| m )H(k∥m) for any mm


Question: Suppose that Alice and Bob sent confidential text messages to one another last month through an encrypted messaging system. Alice and Bob are worried that an adversary might compromise one of their computers today, while they are taking the 6.858 final exam, and would then be able to decrypt those messages. Which of the following security properties can address Alice and Bob’s concern?

Choices:
- Authentication.
- Deniability.
- Forward secrecy
- Backward secrecy.


Question: The AH Protocol provides source authentication and data integrity, but not

Choices:
- Integrity
- Privacy
- Nonrepudiation
- Both A & C


Question: Which of the following is not a security exploit?

Choices:
- Eavesdropping
- Cross-site scripting
- Authentication
- SQL Injection


Question: _______________ is the central node of 802.11 wireless operations.

Choices:
- WPA
- Access Point
- WAP
- Access Port


Question: In MD-5 the length of the message digest is

Choices:
- 160
- 128
- 64
- 54


Question: What is Nmap?

Choices:
- It is a scanner which works by injecting packets to a range of addresses, and inferring what hosts and services might be at those addresses, based on the responses
- It is a network fuzz testing tool
- It is a map of the Internet
- It is a suite of tools for scripting attacks: probe, construct, encode, inject, wait for response


Question: How do you prevent SQL injection?

Choices:
- Escape queries
- Interrupt requests
- Merge tables
- All of the above


Question: What does it mean to "be stealthy" during a penetration test?

Choices:
- Performing the tests from an undisclosed location
- Using encryption during tests to make the source of attacks impossible to determine
- Performing penetration testing without the target organization knowing
- Taking care to avoid activities during a penetration test that might attract attention, e.g., by operators or IDS services


Question: Which of the following is not a transport layer vulnerability?

Choices:
- Mishandling of undefined, poorly defined variables
- The Vulnerability that allows “fingerprinting” & other enumeration of host information
- Overloading of transport-layer mechanisms
- Unauthorized network access


Question: In Brumley and Boneh’s paper on side-channel attacks, why does blinding prevent the timing attack from working?

Choices:
- Blinding prevents the server from using the CRT optimization, which is essential to the timing attack.
- Blinding changes the p and q primes that are used, so an adversary cannot learn the server’s true p and q values.
- Blinding randomizes the ciphertext being decrypted, thus obscuring the correlation between an adversary’s input and the timing differences.
- Blinding adds a random amount of time to the decryption due to the multiplication and division by the blinding random value r, which obscures the timing differences used in the attack.


Question:
The openSSL implementation described in “Remote Timing Attacks are Practical” (by Brumley and Boneh) uses the following performance optimizations: Chinese Remainder (CR), Montgomery Representation (MR), Karatsuba Multiplication (KM), and Repeated squaring and Sliding windows (RS). Which of the following options would close the timing channel attack described in the paper if you turned the listed optimizations off?
1. RS and KM
2. RS and MR

Choices:
- True, True
- False, False
- True, False
- False, True


Question: Public key encryption is advantageous over Symmetric key Cryptography because of

Choices:
- Speed
- Space
- Key exchange
- Key length


Question: The __________ was a huge marketplace of Dark Web specifically famous for selling of illegal drugs & narcotics as well as you can find a wide range of other goods for sale.

Choices:
- Silk Road
- Cotton Road
- Dark Road
- Drug Road


Question: The ______________ is categorized as an unknown segment of the Deep Web which has been purposely kept hidden & is inaccessible using standard web browsers.

Choices:
- Haunted web
- World Wide Web
- Dark web
- Surface web


Question: What does EXE do when the STP solver times out on a constraint query for a particular path?

Choices:
- Assume that the query is satisfiable and continue executing the path.
- Assume that the query is not satisfiable and stop executing the path
- Restart STP and retry the query, up to a limited number of retries.
- Remove a subset of the constraints and retry the query.


Question: To verify a digital signature we need the

Choices:
- Sender’s Private key
- Sender’s Public key
- Receiver’s Private key
- Receiver’s Public key


Question: Suppose you want to use fuzzing on a program to try to find memory errors; which of the following statements is true?

Choices:
- You should not use a grammar-based fuzzer, because its adherence to the grammar means it will not find memory errors
- Compiling the program with address sanitizer (ASAN) will make errors harder to reproduce
- Compiling the program with address sanitizer (ASAN) will make the source of a memory error easier to find
- Fuzzing doesn't find memory errors, it finds crashes and hangs


Question: Based on the paper “SoK: SSL and HTTPS: Revisiting past challenges and evaluating certificates trust model enhancements”, which of the following statements are false?

Choices:
- Valid DV certificates provide more confidence to a user that she is connecting to the intended party than valid EV certificates.
- OCSP stapling allows a server to prove to a browser that its certificate hasn’t been revoked.
- DANE makes it difficult for an adversary to launch a SSL stripping attack.
- Server key-pinning makes it harder for an adversary to convince a CA to mint a certificate for a site and launch an MITM attack on that site.


Question: What tool can be used to perform SNMP enumeration?

Choices:
- DNSlookup
- Whois
- Nslookup
- IP Network Browser


Question: Which among them has the strongest wireless security?

Choices:
- WEP
- WPA
- WPA2
- WPA3


Question:
Suppose Unix did not provide a way of passing file descriptors between processes, but still allowed inheriting file descriptors from a parent on fork and exec. What aspects of the OKWS design would break without file descriptor passing?
1. It would be impossible for services to get a TCP connection to the client web browser.
2. It would be impossible for okd to run as a non-root user.

Choices:
- True, True
- False, False
- True, False
- False, True


Question: Failed sessions allow brute-force attacks on access credentials. This type of attacks are done in which layer of the OSI model?

Choices:
- Physical layer
- Data-link Layer
- Session layer
- Presentation layer


Question: Which of the following is an authentication method?

Choices:
- Secret question
- Biometric
- SMS code
- All of the above


Question: When does a buffer overflow occur, generally speaking?

Choices:
- when writing to a pointer that has been freed
- when copying a buffer from the stack to the heap
- when a pointer is used to access memory not allocated to it
- when the program notices a buffer has filled up, and so starts to reject requests


Question: A digital signature needs a

Choices:
- Private-key system
- Shared-key system
- Public-key system
- All of them


Question: A packet filter firewall filters at the

Choices:
- Application or transport
- Data link layer
- Physical Layer
- Network or transport layer


Question: Let I = (S,V)I=(S,V) be a MAC. Suppose S(k,m)S(k,m) is always 5 bits long. Can this MAC be secure?

Choices:
- No, an attacker can simply guess the tag for messages
- It depends on the details of the MAC
- Yes, the attacker cannot generate a valid tag for any message
- Yes, the PRG is pseudorandom


Question: Which of the following deals with network intrusion detection and real-time traffic analysis?

Choices:
- John the Ripper
- L0phtCrack
- Snort
- Nessus


Question: The Message condentiality or privacy means that the sender and the receiver expect

Choices:
- Integrity
- Condentiality
- Authentication
- Nonrepudiation


Question: When a wireless user authenticates to any AP, both of them go in the course of four-step authentication progression which is called _____________

Choices:
- AP-handshaking
- 4-way handshake
- 4-way connection
- wireless handshaking


Question: Message authentication is a service beyond

Choices:
- Message Condentiality
- Message Integrity
- Message Splashing
- Message Sending


Question: Which of the following are most vulnerable to injection attacks?

Choices:
- Session IDs
- Registry keys
- Network communications
- SQL queries based on user input


Question:
Assume that a TLS connection has been established successfully between a client and a server. Establishing the session included checking the server certificate and executing a DiffieHelmann exchange, but the client did not provide a client certificate. Further, assume that the client and server are honest, that the client and server don’t leak their keys, and that the cryptography is good. Which of the following attacks does TLS protect against?
1. An attacker replacing bytes sent by a client with bytes of the attacker’s own choosing.
2. An attacker reading the plaintext bytes sent by a client.

Choices:
- True, True
- False, False
- True, False
- False, True


Question: Which of the following is a Wireless traffic Sniffing tool?

Choices:
- Maltego
- BurpSuit
- Nessus
- Wireshark


Question: A ___________ is a method in which a computer security mechanism is bypassed untraceable for accessing the computer or its information.

Choices:
- front-door
- backdoor
- clickjacking
- key-logging


Question: Which of the following is not a block cipher operating mode?

Choices:
- ECB
- CFB
- CBF
- CBC


Question: What is a web proxy?

Choices:
- A piece of software that intercepts and possibly modifies requests (and responses) between a web browser and web server
- An agent that makes decisions on the client's behalf when interacting with web applications
- A piece of software that makes a web application look like a standalone application, making it easier to test
- A simulator for the web, for use when off-line


Question: Buffer-overflow may remain as a bug in apps if __________ are not done fully.

Choices:
- boundary hacks
- memory checks
- boundary checks
- buffer checks


Question: Applications developed by programming languages like ____ and ______ have this common buffer-overflow error.

Choices:
- C, Ruby
- Python, Ruby
- C, C++
- Tcl, C#


Question: Encryption and decryption provide secrecy, or condentiality, but not

Choices:
- Authentication
- Integrity
- Privacy
- All of the above


Question: A/an ___________ is a program that steals your logins & passwords for instant messaging applications.

Choices:
- IM – Trojans
- Backdoor Trojans
- Trojan-Downloader
- Ransom Trojan


Question: The sub key length at each round of DES is__________

Choices:
- 32
- 56
- 48
- 64


Question: Which of the following is true of mutation-based fuzzing?

Choices:
- It generates each different input by modifying a prior input
- It works by making small mutations to the target program to induce faults
- Each input is mutation that follows a given grammar
- It only makes sense for file-based fuzzing, not network-based fuzzing


Question: What are the types of scanning?

Choices:
- Port, network, and services
- Network, vulnerability, and port
- Passive, active, and interactive
- Server, client, and network


Question: A sender must not be able to deny sending a message that was sent, is known as

Choices:
- Message Nonrepudiation
- Message Integrity
- Message Condentiality
- Message Sending


Question: A proxy rewall lters at the

Choices:
- Physical layer
- Application layer
- Data link layer
- Network layer


Question: Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) belongs to which Internet Security Protocol?

Choices:
- Secure Socket Layer Protocol
- Secure IP Protocol
- Secure Http Protocol
- Transport Layer Security Protocol


Question: A special tool is necessary for entering the network which is _______________ that helps the anonymous internet users to access into the Tor’s network and use various Tor services.

Choices:
- Opera browser
- Firefox
- Chrome
- Tor browser


Question: How does a buffer overflow on the stack facilitate running attacker-injected code?

Choices:
- By overwriting the return address to point to the location of that code
- By writing directly to the instruction pointer register the address of the code
- By writing directly to %eax the address of the code
- By changing the name of the running executable, stored on the stack


Question: The digest created by a hash function is normally called a

Choices:
- Modication detection code (MDC)
- Modify authentication connection
- Message authentication control
- Message authentication cipher


Question: Let F: K \times R \to MF:K×R→M be a secure PRF. For m \in Mm∈M define E(k,m) = \big[ r \gets R,\ \text{output } \big(r,\ F(k,r) \oplus m\big)\ \big]E(k,m)=[r←R, output (r, F(k,r)⊕m) ] Is EE symantically secure under CPA?

Choices:
- Yes, whenever F is a secure PRF
- No, there is always a CPA attack on this system
- Yes, but only if R is large enough so r never repeats (w.h.p)
- It depends on what F is used


Question: Old operating systems like _______ and NT-based systems have buffer-overflow attack a common vulnerability.

Choices:
- Windows 7
- Chrome
- IOS12
- UNIX


Question: What is a replay attack?

Choices:
- When the attacker replies to a message sent to it by the system
- An attack that continuously repeats, probing for a weakness
- An attack that uses the system's own messages and so cannot be defended against
- The attacker resends a captured message, and the site accept its and responds in the attacker's favor


Question: Statement 1| A U2F USB dongle prevents malware on the user’s computer from stealing the user’s second factor to authenticate as that user even when the user’s computer is turned off. Statement 2| A server using U2F can reliably determine that the user who is attempting to login is indeed behind the computer that sent the login request.

Choices:
- True, True
- False, False
- True, False
- False, True


Question: ____________________ is the anticipation of unauthorized access or break to computers or data by means of wireless networks.

Choices:
- Wireless access
- Wireless security
- Wired Security
- Wired device apps


Question: Which of the following are benefits of penetration testing?

Choices:
- Results are often reproducible
- Full evidence of security: a clean test means a secure system
- Compositionality of security properties means tested components are secure even if others change
- Makes an adversarial neural network converge more quickly


Question: 1. _________ framework made cracking of vulnerabilities easy like point and click.

Choices:
- .Net
- Metasploit
- Zeus
- Ettercap


Question: You are given a message (m) and its OTP encryption (c). Can you compute the OTP key from m and c ?

Choices:
- No, I cannot compute the key.
- Yes, the key is k = m xor c.
- I can only compute half the bits of the key.
- Yes, the key is k = m xor m.


Question:
The openSSL implementation described in “Remote Timing Attacks are Practical” (by Brumley and Boneh) uses the following performance optimizations: Chinese Remainder (CR), Montgomery Representation (MR), Karatsuba Multiplication (KM), and Repeated squaring and Sliding windows (RS). Which of the following options would close the timing channel attack described in the paper if you turned the listed optimizations off?
1. CR and MR
2. CR

Choices:
- True, True
- False, False
- True, False
- False, True


Question: When the data must arrive at the receiver exactly as they were sent, its called

Choices:
- Message Condentiality
- Message Integrity
- Message Splashing
- Message Sending


Question: What is the difference between a direct leak and a side channel?

Choices:
- A direct leak creates a denial of service by failing to free memory, while a channel frees memory as a side effect
- A direct leak is one that is intentional, rather than by unintentional
- A direct leak comes via the software system's intended interaction mechanism, where as a side channel leak comes from measurements of other system features, like timing, power usage, or space usage
- There is no difference


Question: A session symmetric key between two parties is used

Choices:
- Only once
- Twice
- Multiple times
- Conditions dependant


Question: What is a nop sled

Choices:
- It is an anonymous version of a mop sled
- It is a sequence of nops preceding injected shellcode, useful when the return address is unknown
- It is a method of removing zero bytes from shellcode
- It is another name for a branch instruction at the end of sequence of nops


Question: Which Nmap scan is does not completely open a TCP connection?

Choices:
- SYN stealth scan
- TCP connect
- XMAS tree scan
- ACK scan


Question: Based on the paper “Click Trajectories: End-to-End Analysis of the Spam Value Chain”, which of the following statements are true? “Spammers” here refer to operators of various parts of the “spam value chain.”

Choices:
- Spammers run their spam-advertised web sites on compromised user machines that are part of a botnet.
- Spammers need to register domain names in order for their spam-based advertisements to be effective.
- There is a high cost for spammers to switch acquiring banks.
- B and C


Question: In a _____________ attack, the extra data that holds some specific instructions in the memory for actions is projected by a cyber-criminal or penetration tester to crack the system.

Choices:
- Phishing
- MiTM
- Buffer-overflow
- Clickjacking


Question: _______________ is a popular tool used for network analysis in multiprotocol diverse network.

Choices:
- Snort
- SuperScan
- Burp Suit
- EtterPeak


Question: ___________________ is alike as that of Access Point (AP) from 802.11, & the mobile operators uses it for offering signal coverage.

Choices:
- Base Signal Station
- Base Transmitter Station
- Base Transceiver Station
- Transceiver Station


Question: A __________ is a sequential segment of the memory location that is allocated for containing some data such as a character string or an array of integers.

Choices:
- stack
- queue
- external storage
- buffer


Question: Which form of encryption does WPA use?

Choices:
- Shared key
- LEAP
- TKIP
- AES


Question: Let suppose a search box of an application can take at most 200 words, and you’ve inserted more than that and pressed the search button; the system crashes. Usually this is because of limited __________

Choices:
- buffer
- external storage
- processing power
- local storage


Question: ___________________ began to show up few years back on wireless access points as a new way of adding or connecting new devices.

Choices:
- WPA2
- WPA
- WPS
- WEP


Question: What are the port states determined by Nmap?

Choices:
- Active, inactive, standby
- Open, half-open, closed
- Open, filtered, unfiltered
- Active, closed, unused


Question: Which among the following is the least strong security encryption standard?

Choices:
- WEP
- WPA
- WPA2
- WPA3


Question: Why is it that the compiler does not know the absolute address of a local variable?

Choices:
- Programs are not allowed to reference memory using absolute addresses
- The size of the address depends on the architecture the program will run on
- As a stack-allocated variable, it could have different addresses depending on when its containing function is called
- Compiler writers are not very good at that sort of thing


Question: The stack is memory for storing

Choices:
- Local variables
- Program code
- Dynamically linked libraries
- Global variables


Question: Can a stream cipher have perfect secrecy?

Choices:
- Yes, if the PRG is really “secure”
- No, there are no ciphers with perfect secrecy
- Yes, every cipher has perfect secrecy
- No, since the key is shorter than the message


Question: Which of the following does authorization aim to accomplish?

Choices:
- Restrict what operations/data the user can access
- Determine if the user is an attacker
- Flag the user if he/she misbehaves
- Determine who the user is


Question: The message must be encrypted at the sender site and decrypted at the

Choices:
- Sender Site
- Site
- Receiver site
- Conferencing


Question: A _________________ may be a hidden part of a program, a separate infected program a Trojan in disguise of an executable or code in the firmware of any system’s hardware.

Choices:
- crypter
- virus
- backdoor
- key-logger


Question: How is IP address spoofing detected?

Choices:
- Installing and configuring a IDS that can read the IP header
- Comparing the TTL values of the actual and spoofed addresses
- Implementing a firewall to the network
- Identify all TCP sessions that are initiated but does not complete successfully


Question: Which of the following is not an example of presentation layer issues?

Choices:
- Poor handling of unexpected input can lead to the execution of arbitrary instructions
- Unintentional or ill-directed use of superficially supplied input
- Cryptographic flaws in the system may get exploited to evade privacy
- Weak or non-existent authentication mechanisms


Question:
Suppose Unix did not provide a way of passing file descriptors between processes, but still allowed inheriting file descriptors from a parent on fork and exec. What aspects of the OKWS design would break without file descriptor passing?
1. It would be impossible for services to send messages to oklogd.
2. It would be impossible for services to get a TCP connection to a database proxy.

Choices:
- True, True
- False, False
- True, False
- False, True


Question: Why would a ping sweep be used?

Choices:
- To identify live systems
- To locate live systems
- To identify open ports
- To locate firewalls


Question: The four Primary Security Principles related to messages are

Choices:
- Confidentiality, Integrity, Non repudiation and Authentication
- Confidentiality, Access Control, Integrity, Non repudiation
- Authentication, Authorization, Availability, Integrity
- Availability, Authorization, Confidentiality, Integrity


Question: What was the first buffer overflow attack?

Choices:
- Love Bug
- SQL Slammer
- Morris Worm
- Code Red


Question: The ______________ can cost you money, by sending text messages from your mobile phone numbers.

Choices:
- IM – Trojans
- Backdoor Trojans
- SMS Trojan
- Ransom Trojan


Question: Three of the following are classic security properties; which one is not?

Choices:
- Confidentiality
- Availability
- Correctness
- Integrity


Question: A 10-N force at an angle 45° above the horizontal has a horizontal component of about

Choices:
- 7 N
- 5 N
- 10 N
- 12 N


Question: A completely submerged object always displaces its own

Choices:
- weight of fluid.
- volume of fluid.
- density of fluid.
- All of these.


Question: When a diver points a flashlight upward toward the surface of the water at an angle 20° from the normal, the beam of light

Choices:
- totally internally reflects
- passes into the air above
- is absorbed
- None of these


Question: According to four-dimensional geometry, the angles of a triangle add to 180°

Choices:
- always.
- sometimes.
- never.
- on planet Earth only.


Question: A voltage will be induced in a wire loop when the magnetic field within that loop

Choices:
- changes
- aligns with the electric field
- is at right angles to the electric field
- converts to magnetic energy


Question: Among these colors, the one that has the most energy per photon is

Choices:
- red
- yellow-green
- blue
- violet


Question: According to general relativity,

Choices:
- mass distorts spacetime.
- gravity affects clocks.
- light can’t escape from a black hole.
- All of these.


Question: A step-up transformer in an electric circuit can step up

Choices:
- voltage
- energy
- Both of these
- Neither of these


Question: Spectral lines of the elements are

Choices:
- chaotic
- ordered
- positioned by amplitude
- in phase


Question: A wave transfers

Choices:
- amplitude
- wavelength
- frequency
- energy


Question: Immediately after two separated charged particles are released from rest, both increase in acceleration. The sign of charge of the particles is therefore

Choices:
- the same
- opposite
- Either of these
- Need more information


Question: The surface of planet Earth loses energy to outer space due mostly to

Choices:
- conduction
- convection
- radiation
- radioactivity


Question: In a series circuit, if the current in one lamp is 2 A, the current in the lamp next to it is

Choices:
- half, 1 A
- 2 A
- Depends on which lamp is closer to the battery
- Not enough information to say


Question: As a blinking light source approaching you gains speed, you see the frequency of flashes

Choices:
- increase.
- decrease.
- remain unchanged.
- None of these.


Question: In the absence of air resistance a ball of mass m is tossed upward to reach a height of 20 m. At the 10-m position half way up the net force on the ball is

Choices:
- 2mg
- mg
- mg/2
- mg/4


Question: Pumice is a volcanic rock that floats in water. The density of pumice compared with that of water is

Choices:
- less.
- equal.
- greater.
- none because it sinks.


Question: When you look at the red petals of a rose the color light you're seeing is

Choices:
- red.
- green.
- white minus red.
- a mixture of green and yellow.


Question: Compared with the sound you hear from the siren of a stationary fire engine the sound you hear when it approaches you has an increased

Choices:
- speed
- frequency
- wavelength
- All of these


Question: When you squeeze an air-filled party balloon, you increase its

Choices:
- volume
- mass
- weight
- density


Question: Polarization is a property of

Choices:
- transverse waves
- longitudinal waves
- all waves
- None of these


Question: In a vacuum, an object has no

Choices:
- buoyant force
- mass
- weight
- All of these


Question: Temperature is generally proportional to a substance’s

Choices:
- thermal energy.
- vibrational kinetic energy.
- average translational kinetic energy.
- rotational kinetic energy.


Question: In a hydraulic press operation, the output piston cannot

Choices:
- move farther than the input piston
- exceed the force input
- exceed the input piston’s speed
- produce increased energy


Question: When a spinning system contracts in the absence of an external torque its rotational speed increases and its angular momentum

Choices:
- decreases
- increases
- remains unchanged
- may increase or decrease


Question: According to Hooke’s law, if you hang by a tree branch and note how much it bends, then hanging with twice the weight produces

Choices:
- half the bend.
- the same bend if the branch doesn’t break.
- twice the bend.
- 4 times the bend.


Question: When an increase in speed doubles the kinetic energy of a moving body its momentum

Choices:
- increases but less than doubles
- doubles
- more than doubles
- depends on factors not stated


Question: Suppose the number of neutrons in a reactor that is starting up doubles each minute reaching one billion neutrons in 10 minutes. When did the number of neutrons reach half a billion?

Choices:
- 1 minute.
- 2 minutes.
- 5 minutes.
- 9 minutes.


Question: If an object is already moving and the sum of all the vector forces on a mass is zero, then the object will

Choices:
- move at a constant speed in a straight line
- accelerate at a constant rate in a straight line
- come to rest
- increase its amount of inertia


Question: Relativity equations for time, length, and momentum hold true for

Choices:
- everyday low speeds.
- relativistic speeds.
- Both of these.
- Neither of these.


Question: Put a saucer of water on your table. A process that then occurs is

Choices:
- evaporation
- condensation
- Both
- Neither


Question: A barometer that uses water instead of mercury will be

Choices:
- shorter
- taller
- equal in height
- inoperable


Question: A heavy rock and a light rock in free fall (zero air resistance) have the same acceleration. The heavy rock doesn't have a greater acceleration because the

Choices:
- force due to gravity is the same on each.
- air resistance is always zero in free fall.
- inertia of both rocks is the same.
- ratio of force to mass is the same.


Question: When an increase in speed doubles the momentum of a moving body its kinetic energy

Choices:
- increases but less than doubles
- doubles
- more than doubles
- depends on factors not stated


Question: The equation E = mc^2 indicates that energy

Choices:
- equals mass moving at the speed of light squared.
- equals moving mass.
- is fundamentally different than mass.
- and mass are closely related.


Question: General relativity predicts that

Choices:
- light leaving the Sun is slowed by gravity.
- light passing the Sun is deflected.
- a clock on the Sun’s surface runs faster than on Earth.
- All of these.


Question: When an element ejects an alpha particle, the atomic number of the resulting element

Choices:
- reduces by 2
- reduces by 4
- increases by 2
- increases by 4


Question: As more lamps are connected in parallel in a circuit, the current in the power source

Choices:
- increases
- decreases
- remains the same
- Not enough information to say


Question: An airplane with its nose pointing north with an airspeed of 40 km/h in a 30-km/h crosswind (at right angles) has a groundspeed of

Choices:
- 30 km/h
- 40 km/h
- 50 km/h
- 60 km/h


Question: The energy of an emitted photon is related to its

Choices:
- amplitude
- polarization
- momentum
- frequency


Question: Thermal conduction involves mainly

Choices:
- electrons
- protons
- neutrons
- ions


Question: Compared with the current in an LED lamp the current in the connecting wire is

Choices:
- less.
- more.
- the same.
- Need more information.


Question: Bow waves are produced by waves of water

Choices:
- overlapping one another
- constructively interfering
- moving slower than the source producing them
- All of these


Question: The speed of sound is slightly greater on a

Choices:
- cold day
- hot day
- day with steady temperature
- None of these


Question: Consider two mercury barometers, one having a cross-sectional area of 1 cm2 and the other 2 cm2. The height of mercury in the narrower tube is

Choices:
- half
- twice
- the same
- None of these


Question: The second law of thermodynamics tells us that heat doesn’t flow from

Choices:
- hot to cold ever
- cold to hot ever
- hot to cold without external energy
- cold to hot without external energy


Question: In a mixture of hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen gases at a given temperature the molecules having the greatest average speed are those of

Choices:
- hydrogen.
- oxygen.
- nitrogen.
- But all have the same speed on average.


Question: Compared with the power input, the power output of an ideal transformer is

Choices:
- greater
- less
- the same
- Any of these


Question: The amount of air drag on an 0.8-N flying squirrel dropping vertically at terminal velocity is

Choices:
- less than 0.8 N
- 0.8 N
- greater than 0.8 N
- dependent on the orientation of its body


Question: The vibrations in a longitudinal wave move in a direction

Choices:
- along and parallel to the wave
- perpendicular to the wave
- Both of these
- Neither of these


Question: The potential energy of a compressed spring and the potential energy of a charged object both depend on

Choices:
- the work done on them
- motion
- Both of these
- Neither of these


Question: A step-up transformer in an electrical circuit can step up

Choices:
- voltage
- energy
- Both of these
- Neither of these


Question: The neutrons in an atom are normally found

Choices:
- inside the nucleus
- outside the nucleus
- Either of these
- Neither of these


Question: The greenish-blue color of ocean water is due mostly to light that hasn’t been

Choices:
- absorbed
- reflected
- scattered
- refracted


Question: Noise-canceling devices make use of sound

Choices:
- destruction
- interference
- resonance
- amplification


Question: Black is the combination of

Choices:
- all the colors together
- two or more appropriate colors
- light when a prism is held upside down
- None of these


Question: In a circuit of two lamps in parallel, if the current in one lamp is 2 A, the current in the other lamp is

Choices:
- about 1 A
- 2 A
- Depends on which lamp is closer to the battery
- Not enough information to say


Question: Which of these changes when light refracts in passing from one medium to another?

Choices:
- Speed only
- Wavelength only
- Both speed and wavelength
- Neither of these


Question: If the frequency of one source of sound is 500 Hz and a second sound source is 504 Hz, then when the two waves interfere with each other, the beat frequency will be

Choices:
- 2 Hz
- 4 Hz
- 8 Hz
- 16 Hz


Question: The loudness of a sound is most closely related to its

Choices:
- frequency
- period
- wavelength
- amplitude


Question: The electric field inside the dome of a Van de Graaff generator is zero when the dome is

Choices:
- charged
- uncharged
- Either of these
- Neither of these


Question: The redness of a sunrise or sunset is due mostly to light that hasn’t been

Choices:
- absorbed
- transmitted
- scattered
- polarized


Question: When a nucleus of uranium-238 emits an alpha particle, left behind is

Choices:
- thorium-242
- thorium-238
- thorium-234
- radium-214


Question: The Doppler effect occurs when a source of sound moves

Choices:
- toward you
- away from you
- Both of these
- None of these


Question: When a proton is plucked from an atomic nucleus, the atom has a decrease in

Choices:
- charge
- energy
- mass
- all of these


Question: If the Sun were twice as massive, its pull on Mars would be

Choices:
- unchanged
- twice as much
- half as much
- four times as much


Question: During the time an aircraft produces a sonic boom the aircraft is

Choices:
- breaking the sound barrier
- pulling out of a subsonic dive
- flying faster than sound
- Each of these produces a sonic boom


Question: When food is exposed to gamma radiation, the food

Choices:
- becomes slightly radioactive
- doesn’t become radioactive
- will spoil faster
- should be avoided


Question: The red glow in the neon tube of an advertising sign is a result of

Choices:
- fluorescence.
- coherence.
- polarization.
- de-excitation.


Question: Light that is not transmitted by opaque materials is

Choices:
- reflected or converted to internal energy in the material.
- mainly reflected.
- mainly refracted.
- transmitted at a lower frequency.


Question: Imagine you're standing on the surface of a shrinking planet. If it shrinks to one-tenth its original diameter with no change in mass on the shrunken surface you'd weigh

Choices:
- 1/100 as much
- 10 times as much
- 100 times as much
- 1000 times as much


Question: A magnetic force acting on a beam of electrons can change its

Choices:
- direction
- energy
- Both of these
- Neither of these


Question: Microscopic slush in water tends to make the water

Choices:
- more dense
- less dense
- more slippery
- warmer


Question: The speed of sound in air depends on

Choices:
- frequency.
- wavelength.
- air temperature.
- All of these.


Question: Heat comes from the Sun to Earth by the process of

Choices:
- conduction
- convection
- radiation
- All of these, although radiation is greatest


Question: A torque is a force

Choices:
- like any other force
- multiplied by a lever arm
- that is fictitious
- that accelerates things


Question: All of the following are electromagnetic waves EXCEPT

Choices:
- microwaves
- light waves
- X-rays
- None is outside the family; all are electromagnetic waves


Question: Big brother and little sister can balance on a seesaw because of balanced

Choices:
- forces
- torques
- energies
- All of these


Question: Any atom that emits an alpha particle or beta particle

Choices:
- becomes an atom of a different element always.
- may become an atom of a different element.
- becomes a different isotope of the same element.
- increases its mass.


Question: Regelation occurs due to water’s

Choices:
- high specific heat
- open-structured ice crystals
- high rate of expansion
- slight tendency to freeze when its temperature is lowered


Question: A big fish swims upon and swallows a small fish that is at rest. Right after lunch, the fattened big fish has a change in

Choices:
- speed
- momentum
- Both
- Neither


Question: A capacitor can store

Choices:
- charge
- energy
- Both of these
- Neither of these


Question: For a tube closed at one end, the length of the tube at a frequency of 256 Hz will be

Choices:
- one-quarter the value for a tube open at both ends
- one-half the value for a tube open at both ends
- twice the value for a tube open at both ends
- four times the value for a tube open at both ends


Question: The period of a 10-Hz wave is

Choices:
- 1/10 s
- 1.0 s
- 10 s
- None of these


Question: If the Sun collapsed to become a black hole Planet Earth would

Choices:
- continue in its present orbit.
- likely be sucked into the black hole.
- be pulled apart by tidal forces.
- Both C and D.


Question: The electric field between a pair of oppositely charged parallel plates

Choices:
- gets weaker with distance inside the plates
- follows the inverse-square law
- Both of these
- Neither of these


Question: The flight of a blimp best illustrates

Choices:
- Archimedes’ principle
- Pascal’s principle
- Bernoulli’s principle
- Boyle’s law


Question: The distance of your image behind a plane mirror is equal to

Choices:
- half your height
- half your distance from the mirror
- your distance in front of the mirror
- more than your distance in front of the mirror


Question: The discrete orbits of electrons are best understood when modeled by

Choices:
- high-speed particles
- particles on springs
- waves
- photons


Question: Heat engines, such as a jet engine, are more efficient when run at

Choices:
- high temperatures
- constant temperatures
- low temperatures
- a constant rate


Question: The phenomenon of interference occurs for

Choices:
- sound waves
- light waves
- Both of these
- Neither of these


Question: As more lamps are connected in a series circuit the current in the power source

Choices:
- increases.
- decreases.
- remains much the same.
- Need more information.


Question: When you buy a pipe in a hardware store, the water isn’t included. When you buy copper wire, electrons

Choices:
- must be supplied by you
- are included in the wire
- may fall out—hence insulation
- None of these


Question: When a uranium nucleus undergoes fission the energy released is primarily in the form of

Choices:
- gamma radiation.
- kinetic energy of fission fragments.
- kinetic energy of ejected neutrons.
- All of these about equally.


Question: Most of the radiation in Earth’s biosphere is

Choices:
- natural background radiation
- the result of military activities
- from nuclear power plants
- in the form of cosmic rays


Question: When white light enters a prism green light is bent more than

Choices:
- blue light.
- violet light.
- red light.
- None of these choices is correct.


Question: When a ball at rest hangs by a single vertical string tension in the string is mg. If the ball is made to move in amhorizontal circle so that the string describes a cone string tension

Choices:
- is mg
- is greater than mg always
- is less than mg always
- may be greater or less than mg depending on the speed of the ball


Question: When a tin can is whirled in a horizontal circle, the net force on the can acts

Choices:
- inward
- outward
- upward
- None of these


Question: The highest ocean tides occur when Earth and the Moon are

Choices:
- lined up with the Sun
- at right angles to the Sun
- at any angle to the Sun
- lined up during spring


Question: Lift a 100-N crate with an ideal pulley system by pulling a rope downward with 25 N of force. For every 1-m length of rope pulled down, the crate rises

Choices:
- 25 cm
- 25 m
- 50 cm
- None of these


Question: Hot sand cools off faster at night than does vegetation. Compared with vegetation, sand’s specific heat capacity is

Choices:
- lower
- higher
- about the same
- Can’t say


Question: The color of light most intense in the solar radiation curve is

Choices:
- infrared
- red
- yellow-green
- violet


Question: If the current in the filament of a lamp is 3 A, the current in the connecting wire is

Choices:
- less than 3 A
- 3 A
- more than 3 A
- Not enough information to say


Question: If two protons and two neutrons are removed from the nucleus of neon-20, a nucleus of which element remains?

Choices:
- Magnesium-22
- Magnesium-20
- Oxygen-18
- Oxygen-16


Question: If a star that is 20 light-years from Earth explodes, gravitational waves from the explosion would reach Earth in

Choices:
- less than 20 years.
- 20 years.
- more than 20 years.
- None of these.


Question: In a mixture of hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen gases at a given temperature, the fastest molecules on average are those of

Choices:
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- All have same average speed


Question: The mutual induction of electric and magnetic fields can produce

Choices:
- light
- energy
- Both of these
- Neither of these


Question: When a model car speeds up to three times its original speed, its kinetic energy is

Choices:
- the same
- twice as great
- three times greater
- None of these


Question: If an iron nucleus split in two, its fission fragments would have

Choices:
- less mass per nucleon
- more mass per nucleon
- the same mass per nucleon
- either more or less mass per nucleon


Question: The surface of Planet Earth loses energy to outer space due mostly to

Choices:
- conduction.
- convection.
- radiation.
- radioactivity.


Question: The direction of natural processes is from states of

Choices:
- higher order to lower order
- lower order to higher order
- disorganization to organization
- disorder to equilibrium


Question: A principal source of the Earth’s internal energy is

Choices:
- tidal friction.
- gravitational pressure.
- radioactivity.
- solar radiation.


Question: A diffraction grating relies on light

Choices:
- interference
- amplitudes
- variations in brightness
- being composed of photons


Question: A satellite in Earth orbit is above Earth’s

Choices:
- atmosphere
- gravitational field
- Both
- Neither


Question: The time it takes for a pendulum swinging to and fro refers to its

Choices:
- frequency
- period
- wavelength
- amplitude


Question: As entropy in a system increases, energy in the system

Choices:
- becomes more ordered
- becomes less ordered
- reaches equilibrium
- moves toward destruction


Question: When water changes to steam, energy is

Choices:
- absorbed by the water
- released by the water
- conserved as the phase change occurs
- changed to a different form


Question: According to Coulomb, a pair of charged particles placed twice as close to each other experience a force

Choices:
- twice as strong
- four times as strong
- half as strong
- one-fourth as strong


Question: The factors, both of which will increase the magnetic field strength of an electromagnet, are

Choices:
- increased electrical current and fewer coils of wire
- increased diameter of coil and an increase in the number of coils
- an increase in the electrical current and using a strong ferromagnetic material like iron
- using an air core instead of iron and increasing the diameter of the coil


Question: The team that wins in a tug-of-war is the team that

Choices:
- produces more tension in the rope than the opponent
- pushes hardest on the ground
- Both
- Neither


Question: Which type of radiation from cosmic sources predominates on the inside of high-flying commercial airplanes?

Choices:
- Alpha
- Beta
- Gamma
- None of these


Question: Thermal convection involves mainly

Choices:
- radiant energy
- fluids
- insulators
- All of these


Question: A 10-Ω resistor carries 10 A. The voltage across the resistor is

Choices:
- 0
- more than 0 but less than 10 V
- 10 V
- more than 10 V


Question: A cannonball is fired horizontally at 10 m/s from a cliff. Its speed one second after being fired is about

Choices:
- 10 m/s
- 14 m/s
- 16 m/s
- 20 m/s


Question: The average speed of a gazelle traveling a distance of 2 km in a time of one-half hour is

Choices:
- 1 km/h
- 2 km/h
- 4 km/h
- greater than 4 km/h


Question: The metal detectors people walk through at airports operate via

Choices:
- Ohm’s law
- Faraday’s law
- Coulomb’s law
- Newton’s laws


Question: Sound travels in

Choices:
- solids
- liquids
- gases
- All of these


Question: When a fusion reaction converts a pair of hydrogen isotopes to an alpha particle and a neutron most of the energy released is in the form of

Choices:
- gamma radiation.
- kinetic energy of the alpha particle.
- kinetic energy of the neutron.
- All of these about equally.


Question: Polarization is a property of

Choices:
- transverse waves.
- longitudinal waves.
- all waves.
- None of these.


Question: The phenomenon of beats results from sound

Choices:
- reflection.
- refraction.
- interference.
- All of these.


Question: The lowest possible temperature is absolute zero, at

Choices:
- 0 kelvin
- −273°C
- Both are the same
- None of these


Question: Refraction occurs when a wave crosses a boundary and changes

Choices:
- speed and direction
- intensity
- frequency
- amplitude


Question: When you tap a piece of wood, it will produce a characteristic sound related to its

Choices:
- wavelength
- amplitude
- period
- natural frequency


Question: When wind speeds up as it blows over the top of a hill, atmospheric pressure there

Choices:
- increases
- decreases
- isn’t affected
- reduces to zero


Question: When white light passes through a prism, the light that bends more than green is

Choices:
- red
- yellow
- blue
- None of these


Question: If you travel at high speed, then compared with your friends who “stay at home,” you are

Choices:
- older.
- younger.
- neither younger nor older.
- longer.


Question: The component of velocity that can remain constant for a tossed baseball is

Choices:
- horizontal
- vertical
- Either of these
- None of these


Question: The crystals that make up minerals are composed of

Choices:
- atoms with a definite geometrical arrangement.
- molecules that perpetually move.
- X-ray patterns.
- 3-dimensional chessboards.


Question: Two vectors, one 3 N and the other 4 N, can have a resultant of

Choices:
- 0 N
- 5 N
- 8 N
- Any of these


Question: Radioactivity has been around on Earth since the

Choices:
- middle of the 1900s
- Industrial Revolution
- advent of medical technology
- Earth formed


Question: When the shadow of the Moon falls on Earth, we have a

Choices:
- lunar eclipse.
- solar eclipse.
- solar eclipse if it’s daytime and lunar eclipse if it’s nighttime.
- very dangerous event.


Question: In both fission and fusion, energy is released while mass

Choices:
- decreases
- remains unchanged; is conserved
- increases
- may decrease or increase


Question: When relatively slow-moving molecules condense from the air, the temperature of the remaining air tends to

Choices:
- remain unchanged
- decrease
- increase
- spread out uniformly


Question: If the volume of an object were to double, with no change in mass, its density would

Choices:
- halve.
- double.
- be the same.
- None of these.


Question: The pressure at the bottom of a pond does NOT depend on the

Choices:
- acceleration due to gravity.
- water density.
- depth of the pond.
- surface area of the pond.


Question: The blueness of the daytime sky is due mostly to light

Choices:
- absorption
- transmission
- reflection
- scattering


Question: A galvanometer can be calibrated to read electric

Choices:
- current
- voltage
- Either of these
- Neither of these


Question: Which of these temperatures is likely when a container of water at 20°C is mixed with water at 28°C?

Choices:
- 19°C
- 22°C
- 30°C
- Higher than 30°C


Question: To view your full-face image in a steamy mirror compared with the height of your face the minimum height of the patch to wipe away is

Choices:
- one-quarter.
- one-half.
- the same.
- dependent on your distance from the mirror.


Question: The vibrations in a transverse wave move in a direction

Choices:
- along the wave
- perpendicular to the wave
- Both of these
- Neither of these


Question: A 1134-Hz tuning fork is sounded at the same time a piano note is struck. You hear three beats per second. The frequency of the piano string is

Choices:
- 1131 Hz
- 1134 Hz
- 1137 Hz
- More information is needed


Question: Huygens’ principle for light is primarily described by

Choices:
- waves
- rays
- particles
- photons


Question: When the temperature of a strip of iron is increased, the length of the strip

Choices:
- also increases.
- actually decreases.
- may increase and may decrease.
- decreases in width as it gets longer.


Question: When light undergoes interference, it can sometimes

Choices:
- build up to more than the sum of amplitudes
- cancel completely
- Both of these
- Neither of these


Question: When the color yellow is seen on your TV screen the phosphors being activated on the screen are

Choices:
- mainly yellow.
- blue and red.
- green and yellow.
- red and green.


Question: Which of these does NOT belong in the family of electromagnetic waves?

Choices:
- Light
- Sound
- Radio waves
- X-rays


Question: A math book and a physics book sitting on a table are tied together with a length of string. With the string taut one book is pushed off the edge of the table. As it falls the other book is dragged horizontally across the table surface. With no friction acceleration of the books is

Choices:
- zero
- g/2
- g
- a value between zero and g


Question: A motor and a generator are

Choices:
- similar devices
- very different devices
- forms of transformers
- energy sources


Question: As more lamps are connected in parallel in a circuit the current in the power source

Choices:
- increases.
- decreases.
- remains much the same.
- Need more information.


Question: Newton’s law of cooling applies to objects that

Choices:
- cool
- warm up
- Both
- Neither


Question: The fact that the Moon always shows its same face to Earth is evidence that the Moon rotates about its axis about once per

Choices:
- day
- month
- year
- None of these for the moon does not rotate about an axis


Question: Consider a ball rolling in a horizontal circular path on the inside surface of a cone. The normal force on the ball

Choices:
- is mg
- is greater than mg always
- may be greater or less than mg
- is less than mg always


Question: The compressions and rarefactions in sound normally travel

Choices:
- in the same direction
- in opposite directions
- at right angles to each other
- None of these


Question: The power required to raise a 100-kg crate a vertical distance of 2 m in a time of 4 s is

Choices:
- 200 W
- 500 W
- 800 W
- 2000 W


Question: The phenomenon of beats is the result of sound

Choices:
- destruction
- interference
- resonance
- amplification


Question: Interference is characteristic of

Choices:
- sound waves
- light waves
- water waves
- All of these


Question: In either a fission event or a fusion event, a quantity that remains unchanged is the

Choices:
- kinetic energy
- mass
- number of nucleons
- binding of nucleons


Question: The magnetic force on a moving charged particle can change the particle's

Choices:
- speed
- direction
- Both of these
- Neither of these


Question: If you were to travel at a speed close to the speed of light, you could notice that your own

Choices:
- mass changes.
- pulse decreases.
- Both of these.
- Neither of these.


Question: Electricity and magnetism connect to form

Choices:
- mass
- energy
- ultrahigh-frequency sound
- light


Question: Sound travels in air by a series of

Choices:
- compressions
- rarefactions
- Both of these
- Neither of these


Question: When a cannonball is fired from a cannon, both the cannonball and the cannon experience equal

Choices:
- amounts of force
- accelerations
- Both
- Neither


Question: The nucleus of an electrically neutral iron atom contains 26 protons. The number of electrons this iron atom has is

Choices:
- 52
- 26
- 24
- None.


Question: To say that a rose petal is red is to say that it

Choices:
- absorbs red
- reflects red
- emits red
- transmits red


Question: Compared with a sound of 60 decibels, a sound of 80 decibels has an intensity

Choices:
- 10 times greater
- 100 times greater
- 1000 times greater
- more than 1000 times greater


Question: When red and blue light are overlapped, the color produced is

Choices:
- magenta
- yellow
- cyan
- white


Question: When 100 J are put into a device that puts out 40 J of useful work, the efficiency of the device is

Choices:
- 40%
- 50%
- 60%
- 140%


Question: Shock waves are produced by waves of sound

Choices:
- overlapping one another
- constructively interfering
- moving slower than the source producing them
- All of these


Question: A rock suspended by a weighing scale weighs 5 N out of water and 3 N when submerged in water. What is the buoyant force on the rock?

Choices:
- 3 N
- 5 N
- 8 N
- None of these


Question: The work done on a 100-kg crate that is hoisted 2 m in a time of 4 s is

Choices:
- 200 J
- 500 J
- 800 J
- 2000 J


Question: A capacitor loses half its remaining charge every second. If after five seconds its charge is q what was its initial charge?

Choices:
- 4q.
- 8q.
- 16q.
- 32q.


Question: The mass of an atom comes mostly from its _ ; and its volume from its _.

Choices:
- nucleons; nucleons.
- electrons; electrons.
- electrons; nucleons.
- nucleons; electrons.


Question: The definition of magnetic inclination is the angle between

Choices:
- magnetic north and geographic north
- magnetic north and geographic south
- the earth’s magnetic field at any point and the vertical
- the earth’s magnetic field at any point and the horizontal


Question: The pitch of a sound is mostly related to its

Choices:
- intensity
- frequency
- amplitude
- speed


Question: As more lamps are connected to a series circuit, the current in the power source

Choices:
- increases
- decreases
- remains the same
- None of these


Question: When an element ejects an alpha particle, the mass number of the resulting element

Choices:
- reduces by 2
- reduces by 4
- increases by 2
- increases by 4


Question: An electron can be speeded up by

Choices:
- an electric field
- a magnetic field
- Both of these
- Neither of these


Question: A certain element emits 1 alpha particle, and its products then emit 2 beta particles in succession. The atomic number of the resulting element is changed by

Choices:
- zero
- minus 1
- minus 2
- plus 1


Question: When an object is set vibrating by a wave that has a matching frequency, what occurs is

Choices:
- forced vibration
- resonance
- refraction
- amplitude reduction


Question: The red glow in the neon tube of an advertising sign is a result of

Choices:
- fluorescence
- incandescence
- de-excitation
- polarization


Question: At very high speeds, an object appears to an observer at rest to be

Choices:
- shorter in the direction of travel.
- shrunken in all directions.
- shorter in the direction perpendicular to travel.
- longer in all directions.


Question: When a wave moves from shallow water to deep water, the

Choices:
- frequency decreases, the wavelength increases, and the speed increases
- frequency does not change, the wavelength increases, and the speed increases
- frequency does not change, the wavelength decreases, and the speed decreases
- frequency does not change, the wavelength increases, and the speed decreases


Question: When you drop a ball from rest it accelerates downward at 9.8 m/s^2. If you instead throw it downward assuming no air resistance its acceleration immediately after leaving your hand is

Choices:
- 9.8 m/s2
- more than 9.8 m/s2
- less than 9.8 m/s2
- Cannot say unless the speed of throw is given.


Question: Carbon-14 is primarily produced by cosmic radiation in the

Choices:
- atmosphere
- food we eat
- Earth’s interior
- fallout of nuclear bomb tests


Question: Chain reactions in a fission reactor are caused by

Choices:
- kinetic energy
- energy conversion
- mass conversion
- ejected neutrons


Question: Satellites in circular Earth orbit maintain a constant speed because gravitational force on them is

Choices:
- zero
- practically zero
- appreciably weaker than at Earth’s surface
- without a component of force along their circular path


Question: The complementary color of blue is

Choices:
- magenta
- yellow
- cyan
- white


Question: The difference between dc and ac in electric circuits is that in dc, charges flow

Choices:
- steadily in one direction
- in one direction
- to and fro
- All of these


Question: To receive an electric shock there must be a

Choices:
- current in one direction.
- presence of moisture.
- high voltage and low body resistance.
- voltage difference across part or all of your body.


Question: A karate chop delivers a force of 3000 N to a board that breaks. The force that the board exerts on the hand during this event is

Choices:
- less than 3000 N
- 3000 N
- greater than 3000 N
- Need more information


Question: Find the speed of a wave by multiplying its frequency by its

Choices:
- period
- wavelength
- amplitude
- None of these


Question: The magnitude of the gravitational force on a satellite is constant if the orbit is

Choices:
- parabolic
- circular
- elliptical
- All of these


Question: The impulse–momentum relationship is a direct result of Newton’s

Choices:
- first law
- second law
- third law
- law of gravity


Question: A common nuclear fission reactor

Choices:
- heats water
- generates electricity directly
- gets energy from nothing
- is a major polluter of the atmosphere


Question: The process of boiling water tends to

Choices:
- warm the water
- cool the water
- Both
- Neither


Question: When you scale up an object to 3 times its linear size, the surface area increases by

Choices:
- 3 and the volume by 9.
- 3 and the volume by 27.
- 9 and the volume by 27.
- 4 and the volume by 8.